The Fallible Study Bible

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1 Chronicles3:10–16

The Descendants of Solomon

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1 Chronicles 3:10–16 — The Descendants of Solomon. Each verse below carries the full apparatus: the Berean Standard Bible, the vocalized original (tap any word), and a parsed breakdown of every term transcribed from the interlinear. Synthesized commentary, canonical threads, and the reading of Christ gather at the end, over the whole unit.

10

Solomon’s son was Rehoboam: Abijah was his son, Asa his son, Jehoshaphat his son,

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

šə·lō·mōh ū·ḇen- rə·ḥaḇ·‘ām ’ă·ḇî·yāh ḇə·nōw ’ā·sā ḇə·nōw yə·hō·wō·šā·p̄āṭ bə·nōw

Word by word9 · parsed
שְׁלֹמֹ֖הšə·lō·mōhSolomon’sH8010
√ Shᵉlômôh — Shelomah, David's successorNounpropermasculine singular
וּבֶן־ū·ḇen-sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcConjunctive wawNounmasculine singular construct
bên: a son, builder of the family name The governing word of the whole unit. H1121 is defined in the widest sense (literal and figurative, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition), and that latitude is exactly what vv. 15 and 16 will exploit: JFB observes that "words expressive of affinity or relationship are used with great latitude in the Hebrew." Here in v. 10 the sense is plainly lineal; by v. 16 the commentators will be divided over whether it means offspring or successor.
רְחַבְעָ֑םrə·ḥaḇ·‘āmwas RehoboamH7346
√ Rᵉchabʻâm — Rechabam, an Israelite kingNounpropermasculine singular
אֲבִיָּ֥ה’ă·ḇî·yāhAbijah [was]H29
√ ʼĂbîyâh — Abijah, the name of several Israelite men and two IsraelitessesNounpropermasculine singular
ʼĂbîyâh: Abijah, the name of several Israelite men Ellicott derives it as "Iah is father," and notes Abijam as a mimmated form of the same name. Cambridge records the Greek form Abia standing behind the AV spelling and behind Matthew 1:7. The Chronicler passes over this king's character entirely: the genealogy records that he reigned, not how.
בְנ֛וֹḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
bên: son (with third person masculine singular suffix) The formulaic link of the chain, bearing no weight beyond "next."
אָסָ֥א’ā·sāAsaH609
√ ʼÂçâʼ — Asa, the name of a king and of a LeviteNounpropermasculine singular
ʼÂçâʼ: Asa, the name of a king and of a Levite Ellicott's one word gloss is "Healer." One of the very few names in this list without the divine element attached.
בְנ֖וֹḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
יְהוֹשָׁפָ֥טyə·hō·wō·šā·p̄āṭJehoshaphatH3092
√ Yᵉhôwshâphâṭ — Jehoshaphat, the name of six IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
Yᵉhôwshâphâṭ: Jehoshaphat, the name of six Israelites "Iahweh judgeth" (Ellicott). The name asserts of God precisely the office these kings held and so often failed: the judging of Israel. The Chronicler gives no verdict on any of them in this list, but the names keep making the claim.
בְּנֽוֹ׃bə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
11

Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son,

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

yō·w·rām bə·nōw ’ă·ḥaz·yā·hū ḇə·nōw yō·w·’āš bə·nōw

Word by word6 · parsed
יוֹרָ֥םyō·w·rāmJoramH3141
√ Yôwrâm — Joram, the name of three Israelites and one SyrianNounpropermasculine singular
בְּנ֛וֹbə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
bên: son Formulaic. Its silence here is the point: see the divergence on Athaliah.
אֲחַזְיָ֥הוּ’ă·ḥaz·yā·hūAhaziahH274
√ ʼĂchazyâh — Achazjah, the name of a Jewish and an Israelite kingNounpropermasculine singular
ʼĂchazyâh: Achazjah, a Jewish and an Israelite king Ellicott reads the name as "Iah holdeth" and cross references the Magnificat's ἀντελάβετο, "he hath holpen" (Luke 1:54). Barnes explains the variant "Jehoahaz" as a transposition of the elements composing the name, and judges the form "Azariah" for this king to be a transcriber's error. The brief's lexicon (H274) gives only "the name of a Jewish and an Israelite king," so the etymology belongs to Ellicott, not to Strong's.
בְנ֖וֹḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
יוֹאָ֥שׁyō·w·’āšJoashH3101
√ Yôwʼâsh — Joash, the name of six IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
Yôwʼâsh: Joash, the name of six Israelites Ellicott offers his derivation with an explicit question mark: "(?) Iahweh is a hero." The Verifier finds his name standing with Joram's and Ahaziah's at 2 Kings 11:2, the single verse outside this unit where all three occur together; the brief gives that overlap and not the verse's text. Pulpit places Athaliah's six year usurpation in the very gap this verse crosses without a seam.
בְּנֽוֹ׃bə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
12

Amaziah his son, Azariah his son, Jotham his son,

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

’ă·maṣ·yā·hū ḇə·nōw ‘ă·zar·yāh ḇə·nōw yō·w·ṯām bə·nōw

Word by word6 · parsed
אֲמַצְיָ֧הוּ’ă·maṣ·yā·hūAmaziahH558
√ ʼĂmatsyâh — Amatsjah, the name of four IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
ʼĂmatsyâh: Amatsjah, the name of four Israelites Ellicott: "Iah is strong." One of four bearers of the name in the canon, and the Chronicler relies wholly on sequence, not on any epithet, to fix which one is meant.
בְנ֛וֹḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
עֲזַרְיָ֥ה‘ă·zar·yāhAzariahH5838
√ ʻĂzaryâh — Azarjah, the name of nineteen IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
ʻĂzaryâh: Azarjah, the name of nineteen Israelites The most reused name in the whole lexicon of this unit: nineteen Israelites bear it. Ellicott glosses it "Iah helpeth." That ambiguity is why the double naming matters: Cambridge and Barnes both send the reader to 2 Chronicles 26 for Uzziah, and Pulpit notes the two names alternating inside single chapters of 2 Kings. The Chronicler's list is precise about order and careless about which of a king's names it uses.
בְנ֖וֹḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
יוֹתָ֥םyō·w·ṯāmJothamH3147
√ Yôwthâm — Jotham, the name of three IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
Yôwthâm: Jotham, the name of three Israelites "Iahweh is perfect" (Ellicott). The last of the three names in this verse, and the last before the chain reaches Ahaz.
בְּנֽוֹ׃bə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
13

Ahaz his son, Hezekiah his son, Manasseh his son,

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

’ā·ḥāz bə·nōw ḥiz·qî·yā·hū ḇə·nōw mə·naš·šeh ḇə·nōw

Word by word6 · parsed
אָחָ֥ז’ā·ḥāzAhazH271
√ ʼÂchâz — Achaz, the name of a Jewish king and of an IsraeliteNounpropermasculine singular
ʼÂchâz: Achaz, a Jewish king and an Israelite Ellicott treats it as a clipped Jehoahaz, the same root as the Ahaziah of v. 11 without the theophoric element. Whether the shortening is theologically freighted or merely colloquial, the brief does not say, and neither will we: no commentator here draws that inference.
בְּנ֛וֹbə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
חִזְקִיָּ֥הוּḥiz·qî·yā·hūHezekiahH2396
√ Chizqîyâh — Chizkijah, a king of Judah, also the name of two other IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
Chizqîyâh: Chizkijah, a king of Judah "My strength is Iahu" (Ellicott). The lexicon notes the name is borne by two other Israelites besides the king, and the Verifier finds H2396 occurring again at Zephaniah 1:1, though the brief does not supply that verse's wording. In a list that records nothing but succession, the reformer and the apostate son who follows him receive exactly equal space.
בְנ֖וֹḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
מְנַשֶּׁ֥הmə·naš·šehManassehH4519
√ Mᵉnashsheh — Menashsheh, a grandson of Jacob, also the tribe descended from him, and its territoryNounpropermasculine singular
Mᵉnashsheh: Menashsheh, a grandson of Jacob, also the tribe The Chronicler gives him one word, a patronymic, and no comment. Henry's general remark on the chapter, that "the children of the righteous enjoy many advantages," sits uneasily beside this juncture of the list, and Henry himself does not press it here.
בְנֽוֹ׃ḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
14

Amon his son, and Josiah his son.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

’ā·mō·wn bə·nōw yō·šî·yā·hū ḇə·nōw

Word by word4 · parsed
אָמ֥וֹן’ā·mō·wnAmonH526
√ ʼÂmôwn — Amon, the name of three IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
ʼÂmôwn: Amon, the name of three Israelites Ellicott's Egyptian derivation is offered as probable, not certain, and the brief's lexicon does not support or contradict it. The Verifier finds both names of this verse, H526 and H2977, standing together at Zephaniah 1:1, so this father and son recur as a pair in the opening verse of a prophetic book.
בְּנ֖וֹbə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
יֹאשִׁיָּ֥הוּyō·šî·yā·hū[and] JosiahH2977
√ Yôʼshîyâh — Joshijah, the name of two IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
Yôʼshîyâh: Joshijah, the name of two Israelites "Iah comforteth" (Ellicott). This name is the hinge of the unit. The Verifier finds H2977 shared with Jeremiah 1:3, 25:1, 36:1, 45:1 and 46:2, five separate verses of one prophetic book, so the name at which the Chronicler's chain of "his son" breaks is a name that book keeps returning to. K&D denies that the break is a rhetorical pause for the great reformer (against Bertheau) and insists it marks the real end of an independent Davidic kingship.
בְנֽוֹ׃ḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
bên: son The last link of the singular chain; v. 15 opens with the plural.
15

The sons of Josiah: Johanan was the firstborn, Jehoiakim the second, Zedekiah the third, and Shallum the fourth.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

ū·ḇə·nê yō·šî·yā·hū yō·w·ḥā·nān hab·bə·ḵō·wr yə·hō·w·yā·qîm haš·šê·nî ṣiḏ·qî·yā·hū haš·šə·li·šî šal·lūm hā·rə·ḇî·‘î

Word by word10 · parsed
וּבְנֵי֙ū·ḇə·nêThe sonsH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcConjunctive wawNounmasculine plural construct
bên: sons (masculine plural construct) The single most consequential word in the unit, and it is a function word. The switch from singular construct chain to plural list is the seam where the Chronicler's genealogy stops being a line and becomes a bracket. K&D argues the reason is historical rather than literary: Jehoahaz was dethroned by Pharaoh Necho, Jehoiakim was set up by Pharaoh and Zedekiah by Nebuchadnezzar, "so that both were only vassals of heathen lords of the land."
יֹאשִׁיָּ֔הוּyō·šî·yā·hūof JosiahH2977
√ Yôʼshîyâh — Joshijah, the name of two IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
יוֹחָנָ֔ןyō·w·ḥā·nānJohananH3110
√ Yôwchânân — Jochanan, the name of nine IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
Yôwchânân: Jochanan, the name of nine Israelites Ellicott glosses it "Iahweh bestowed" and holds that this firstborn "never ascended the throne of his fathers. He may have died early." Barnes thinks he "must, it would seem, have died before his father, or with him at Megiddo." Benson reports that many identify him with Jehoahaz but judges it more probable he died before his father. The commentators agree he is otherwise unknown and disagree about why.
הַבְּכוֹר֙hab·bə·ḵō·wrwas the firstbornH1060
√ bᵉkôwr — firstbornArticleNounmasculine singular
bᵉkôwr: firstborn The only abstract title in the whole unit; every other substantive word is a proper name or the word "son." Geneva takes the title in v. 15 as conferred rather than chronological, glossing that Johanan is "So called because he was preferred for the royal dignity before his brother Jehoiakim who was the elder." Ellicott, Cambridge, Barnes and K&D all read it straightforwardly as birth order instead. The word itself will not settle the question, and the unit does not.
יְהוֹיָקִ֑יםyə·hō·w·yā·qîmJehoiakimH3079
√ Yᵉhôwyâqîym — Jehojakim, a Jewish kingNounpropermasculine singular
הַשֵּׁנִ֖יhaš·šê·nîthe secondH8145
√ shênîy — properly, double, iArticleNumberordinal masculine singular
shênîy: properly, double, second An ordinal carrying the article. Jehoiakim was Eliakim before the throne, renamed by Pharaoh Necho; Pulpit cites 2 Kings 23:34 for it while K&D and Gill both cite 2 Kings 23:24, a discrepancy among the sources left standing here rather than quietly harmonized. The number in this list is stable where the name is not.
צִדְקִיָּ֔הוּṣiḏ·qî·yā·hūZedekiahH6667
√ Tsidqîyâh — Tsidkijah, the name of six IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
הַשְּׁלִשִׁי֙haš·šə·li·šîthe thirdH7992
√ shᵉlîyshîy — thirdArticleNumberordinal masculine singular
shᵉlîyshîy: third The ordinal that will not sit still. Cambridge states the problem flatly: "Though reckoned third here, he was younger than Shallum." Ellicott quantifies it, Shallum coming to the throne at twenty-three and reigning eleven years, Zedekiah succeeding at twenty-one, and concludes that "The order of 1Chronicles 3:15 is not wholly determined by seniority any more than by the actual succession." This third place is the exact point at which both obvious ordering principles, age and succession, fail together, and the Chronicler names the principle he did use nowhere.
שַׁלּֽוּם׃šal·lūmand ShallumH7967
√ Shallûwm — Shallum, the name of fourteen IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
Shallûwm: Shallum, the name of fourteen Israelites K&D derives the identification from Jeremiah 22:11, where "it is expressly declared that Shallum, the fourth son of Josiah, was king of Judah instead of his father, and was led away into captivity, and never saw his native land again, as history narrates of Jehoahaz," and concludes "Shallum took, as king, the name Jehoahaz." Gill adds that he is "mentioned last" because he reigned so short a time and made so mean a figure. Barnes reads the same placement as deliberate degradation. Three readings, one placement.
הָרְבִיעִ֖יhā·rə·ḇî·‘îthe fourthH7243
√ rᵉbîyʻîy — fourthArticleNumberordinal masculine singular
rᵉbîyʻîy: fourth Ordinal with article. K&D offers a different account of the order from Barnes and Gill: Zedekiah and Shallum were both sons of Hamutal while Jehoiakim was son of Zebudah, so "Shallum has been enumerated in the fourth place, along with his full brother Zedekiah" to keep the full brothers together. Ellicott proposes the same two factors, length of reign and shared mother. The unit records the disagreement rather than settling it.
16

The successors of Jehoiakim: Jeconiah his son, and Zedekiah.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

ū·ḇə·nê yə·hō·w·yā·qîm yə·ḵā·nə·yāh ḇə·nōw ṣiḏ·qî·yāh ḇə·nōw

Word by word6 · parsed
וּבְנֵ֖יū·ḇə·nêThe successorsH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcConjunctive wawNounmasculine plural construct
bên: sons (masculine plural construct) Rendered "The successors" by BSB and "The sons" in v. 15, from one and the same Hebrew word. The latitude is real (H1121 covers grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, and JFB notes that Hebrew relationship words are "used with great latitude"), but the choice is the translator's, not the text's.
יְהוֹיָקִ֑יםyə·hō·w·yā·qîmof JehoiakimH3079
√ Yᵉhôwyâqîym — Jehojakim, a Jewish kingNounpropermasculine singular
יְכָנְיָ֥הyə·ḵā·nə·yāhJeconiahH3204
√ Yᵉkonyâh — Jekonjah, a Jewish kingNounpropermasculine singular
Yᵉkonyâh: Jekonjah, a Jewish king The rarest royal name in the unit: the Verifier finds H3204 in only seven verses of the whole Hebrew Bible. Six of those verses lie outside this unit: Jeremiah 24:1, 27:20, 28:4 and 29:2, then Esther 2:6, then 1 Chronicles 3:17, where K&D notes the sons of Jeconiah follow. The brief records the co-occurrence and not the wording, so none of those verses is quoted here. Ellicott records that he "was carried captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar." The name means Jahve establishes (K&D), and it marks the point at which the throne was taken away.
בְנ֖וֹḇə·nōwhis sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
צִדְקִיָּ֥הṣiḏ·qî·yāh[and] ZedekiahH6667
√ Tsidqîyâh — Tsidkijah, the name of six IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
Tsidqîyâh: Tsidkijah, the name of six Israelites The single hardest word in the unit. Poole offers both options without deciding: not a natural son but a legal son and successor under Numbers 27:8-10, "Or this was another Zedekiah." Cambridge states flatly that "Zedekiah was heir, not son, to Jeconiah," his uncle. Ellicott and Gill both reject that and posit a further, otherwise unknown Zedekiah, and Pulpit, weighing the whole verse, concludes that "If the text be not corrupt, the likeliest solution" is an unknown brother of Jeconiah. No reading commands the field, and this unit does not pretend one does.
בְנֽוֹ׃ḇə·nōwH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
bên: son (suffixed) Present in the Hebrew, absent from the BSB line, and decisive for the question above.

The verse-by-verse work is done. What follows gathers the whole unit. All three layers below are machine-generated (⚙). Weigh them; they have no authority.

Grand Commentary — the unit, read whole

synthesis · verify

AI synthesis — woven from the public-domain voices above and the original text; generated and fallible.

i. The two syllables that carry a dynasty — 3:10-3:14

⚙ Strip these five verses of their proper names and almost nothing is left but one word repeated: בְּנוֹ, his son, fourteen times in a row. K&D states the pattern exactly: until Josiah "the individual kings are mentioned in their order, each with the addition בּנו, son of the preceding." There is no verb in the Hebrew of v. 10, no evaluation of any reign, no mention of temple or reform or apostasy. Manasseh and Hezekiah receive one word apiece and the same word.

The chain is also, by K&D's own account, edited: "the only omission being that of the usurper Athaliah, because she did not belong to the posterity of David." Ellicott agrees and locates the gap precisely, "between Ahaziah and Joash." What looks like an unbroken thread across v. 11 in fact spans six years in which the throne was held by someone the Chronicler will not enter in the ledger, because the ledger is a ledger of descent and she had none. Notice that the commentators cannot even agree how long the thread is: JFB counts "seventeen reigns," Ellicott "fifteen successive monarchs," Gill sixteen names to Josiah. They are counting different things, and the text supplies no total of its own.

JFB draws the theological inference and marks it as inference: "It has rarely happened that a crown has been transmitted from father to son, in lineal descent, for seventeen reigns. But this was the promised reward of David's piety." Benson, at v. 16, says the same thing in nearly the same words. That reading is a judgment about providence laid over a list, and it is offered by two named commentators, not by the Chronicler.

ii. Names that are sentences about God — 3:10-3:14

⚙ Ellicott alone among the voices here treats these verses as anything other than administration, and what he treats them as is a litany. Verse by verse he unpacks the Hebrew: Abijah, "Iah is father"; Jehoshaphat, "Iahweh judgeth"; Joram, "Iahweh is high"; Ahaziah, "Iah holdeth"; Amaziah, "Iah is strong"; Azariah, "Iah helpeth"; Jotham, "Iahweh is perfect"; Hezekiah, in his rendering of the Hebrew, "my strength is Iahu"; Josiah, "Iah comforteth." Four of the names, by the brief's own parse, carry the long ending -yāhû that English clips to -iah.

Two names break the pattern, and Ellicott flags both. Ahaz is "an Abbreviation of Jehoahaz, which = Ahaziah": the same stem as v. 11 with the divine element removed. Amon is "Probably the Egyptian sun-god Amen or Amun." These derivations are Ellicott's philology and he himself brackets some with question marks (his Joash is "(?) Iahweh is a hero"); the brief's Strong's entries give only bare name glosses and neither confirm nor deny him. Cited as his reading, the effect is still striking: a list that says nothing about God says, in almost every entry, something about God.

⚙ The counterweight is that the names were given by parents, not earned by kings. Whatever Manasseh's reign was, his father's name still confessed that Iahu was his strength. This list does not permit the reader to conclude that the confessions were true of the men.

iii. The seam at Josiah, and the word BSB does not print — 3:15-3:16

⚙ At v. 15 the grammar breaks. בְּנוֹ singular gives way to וּבְנֵי plural, and four names stand where one used to. K&D refuses the tidy literary explanation, rejecting Bertheau's suggestion that the halt is there "in order to allow of a halt in the long line of David's descendants after Josiah the great reformer," and gives a political reason instead: Jehoahaz was dethroned by Pharaoh Necho, Jehoiakim was set up by Pharaoh, Zedekiah by Nebuchadnezzar, "so that both were only vassals of heathen lords of the land, and the independent kingship of David came properly to an end with the death of Josiah."

The list that follows is ordered by nothing obvious. Barnes says Shallum "was considerably older than Zedekiah, and was consequently the third, and not the fourth, son," and proposes that the fourth place is "by way of intentional degradation." Gill says instead that Shallum, "reigning so short a time, and making so mean a figure, is mentioned last." K&D proposes a third account entirely, that Shallum was moved to fourth so as not to be separated from his full brother Zedekiah, both sons of Hamutal, while Jehoiakim was Zebudah's; Ellicott weighs the same two factors and calls the order "not wholly determined by seniority any more than by the actual succession." Benson, Poole, Gill, JFB, Cambridge and K&D all identify Shallum with Jehoahaz, chiefly on Jeremiah 22:11, and Poole lays out five numbered grounds for it. Benson's third ground is the prophecy's fit: Jehoahaz "was carried captive, not so far as Babylon, but only to Egypt, a very near country."

Verse 16 then produces the unit's genuine crux, and the English conceals both halves of it. BSB renders וּבְנֵי as "The successors" here and "The sons" one verse earlier, from the same Hebrew word, and leaves the final בְנוֹ untranslated altogether. Cambridge takes the plain harmonizing line: "Zedekiah was heir, not son, to Jeconiah, whom he succeeded in the kingdom. His relationship to Jeconiah was that of uncle." Poole offers the legal mechanism for calling an uncle a son, Numbers 27:8-10, and then immediately offers the alternative: "Or this was another Zedekiah." Ellicott and Gill both reject the successor reading, Ellicott on the ground that "the phrase 'his son' has its natural sense throughout the preceding list," Gill flatly that this man is "not the son of Jeconiah in any sense." Pulpit works through the whole problem and lands on "If the text be not corrupt, the likeliest solution is to suppose that this Zedekiah of ver. 16 is an otherwise unknown brother of Jeconiah, and son of Jehoiakim." That is where the evidence leaves it. Five named readings, no consensus, and a translation that has quietly picked one.

Read under Sola Scriptura — this tool’s own fallible reading (⚙)

⚙ This is the tool's own fallible reading, offered to be tested and corrected by Scripture. Read as literature, these seven verses are the least interesting page in the Bible: a payroll of kings, fourteen repetitions of one suffix, and an argument about whose nephew was whose son. Read as testimony, they are a claim that God keeps His word in a medium that cannot be edited by piety. The Chronicler does not tell you that Hezekiah was good and Manasseh was not. He tells you that Manasseh came after Hezekiah, which is the only kind of fact a dynastic promise requires of a list. A promise about a house is kept or broken in generations, not in virtues, and generations are exactly what a genealogy records.

Two things in the unit resist the comfortable version of that. First, the line is not a straight line. Athaliah is cut out of it (Ellicott, K&D), the grammar collapses from singular to plural at Josiah, and by v. 16 the commentators cannot agree whether the last name is a son or an uncle borrowed into the slot by the law of Numbers 27. Benson's word for this is not triumph but omen: "About the captivity, the lineal descent was interrupted, and the crown went from a nephew to an uncle, a presage of the glory's departing from that house." Second, the closing name is Jeconiah, which K&D renders "Jahve founds or establishes" and whom Ellicott records as the man Nebuchadnezzar "carried captive to Babylon." The Verifier shows how narrow that name's canonical footprint is: H3204 occurs in only seven verses of the Hebrew Bible, four of them in Jeremiah, one in Esther, one in the next verse of this very chapter.

⚙ So the honest reading of this unit is not that God's promise ran smoothly for seventeen reigns. It is that a list which names a king Jahve-establishes and then ends him in Babylon is a list that knows its own promise is outrunning its own history. On the usual dating the Chronicler wrote after the exile, to people who knew how the story ended, and he wrote it anyway. Whether the thread picks up again beyond the last name in v. 16 is not something these seven verses can prove. They can only hand the reader a name that means establish, in a verse that records a captivity, and leave it there. Test this against the text; the commentators quoted above do not all agree with it.

A ledger that names a king "Jahve establishes" and ends him in Babylon is a ledger that knows its promise has outrun its history. (⚙ machine synthesis, not Scripture.)

Canonical Threads — out to the whole of Scripture

cross-refs · verify

AI-generated connections. Each carries a verification badge with a recorded basis; contested links are flagged.

Jeconiah: the name by which the exile is dated verbal / quotation: confirmed

The rarest royal lexeme in this unit is יְכָנְיָה (Yᵉkonyâh, H3204), which the Verifier finds in only seven verses of the entire Hebrew Bible. Four of those seven lie in Jeremiah. Jeremiah 27:20, 28:4 and 24:1 each additionally share יְהוֹיָקִים (H3079) with 1 Chronicles 3:16, so the pairing of father and son in this verse is the same pairing Jeremiah uses. Ellicott records the bare fact from Kings: Jeconiah "was carried captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar ( 2Kings 24:15 )." ⚙ The Chronicler's list therefore closes on the one name in it that Jeremiah keeps reaching for, and Ellicott records where that man ended. What those Jeremiah verses themselves say the brief does not supply, and nothing is quoted from them here.

Jeremiah 24:1 · Jeremiah 27:20 · Jeremiah 28:4

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexeme H3204 Yᵉkonyâh, a rare name occurring in only 7 verses canon-wide, plus H3079 Yᵉhôwyâqîym (in 37 vv) shared in each of the three refs. Rarity of H3204 carries the verbal tier; this is shared vocabulary, not a quotation of one text by another.

The reach of one captivity: Jeconiah in Esther and in Jeremiah's letter structural / thematic: confirmed

The same rare lexeme H3204 reaches outside the historical books. The Verifier finds it at Esther 2:6 and at Jeremiah 29:2, and again at 1 Chronicles 3:17, which K&D identifies as the place where "the sons of Jeconiah follow." ⚙ Three books besides this chapter carry the name, and the brief supplies only the co-occurrence, not the wording of any of those verses; none is quoted here. What can honestly be said is that the last royal name of this unit is also a name by which a book of the Prophets and a book of the Writings each reach back to the same generation. The shared basis is a proper name, which is far weaker evidence of literary dependence than a shared verb or common noun would be, and for that reason this thread has been deliberately downgraded below the verbal tier: these texts speak of one man, which does not mean any of them cites another.

Esther 2:6 · Jeremiah 29:2 · 1 Chronicles 3:17

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexeme H3204 Yᵉkonyâh (in 7 vv). The lexeme is rare enough to have carried a verbal tier, and it has been downgraded on purpose: it is a bare personal name shared by texts of three different books with no shared phrasing behind it, so the honest claim is a confirmed shared referent within a common motif of the deportation, not a verbal link.

The six years the chain does not mention: Athaliah and the hidden Joash structural / thematic: confirmed

Verse 11 runs "Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son" without a seam, and the Verifier finds all three of those names standing together in exactly one other verse of the canon: 2 Kings 11:2. The brief supplies the lexeme overlap only and not that verse's wording, so nothing is quoted from it here. Ellicott states the editorial fact directly: in this line "the usurper Athaliah is omitted between Ahaziah and Joash." K&D gives the reason: "because she did not belong to the posterity of David." ⚙ Pulpit dates the gap precisely, calling Athaliah one who "reigned by her own usurpation for six years on the death of her son Azariah." ⚙ So the Chronicler's unbroken בְּנוֹ across v. 11 is not a claim that the throne went undisturbed. It is a claim about descent and nothing else, and by K&D's stated rule the usurper drops out of the record because descent is the one thing she did not have.

2 Kings 11:2

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H3141 Yôwrâm (in 16 vv), H274 ʼĂchazyâh (in 30 vv), H3101 Yôwʼâsh (in 41 vv). Three names shared, none rare enough to carry a verbal tier; the link is a shared cast of persons within one episode of the succession, so it is tiered structural.

Zephaniah's pedigree, run backwards through the same kings structural / thematic: confirmed

The Verifier records three lexemes shared between this unit and Zephaniah 1:1: H2396 Chizqîyâh (v. 13), H2977 Yôʼshîyâh (v. 14, v. 15) and H526 ʼÂmôwn (v. 14). ⚙ Three of the royal names of this unit therefore stand together in the opening verse of a prophetic book. What that verse does with them the brief does not report, and nothing is quoted from it here; the recorded link is the co-occurrence itself. It is worth saying plainly that the brief's lexicon notes H2396 is borne by two Israelites besides the king, so whether Zephaniah's Hizkiah is the king of 1 Chronicles 3:13 is not established by the shared lexeme and is not asserted here.

Zephaniah 1:1

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H2396 Chizqîyâh (in 116 vv), H2977 Yôʼshîyâh (in 48 vv), H526 ʼÂmôwn (in 17 vv). Common lexemes, no quotation; the shared pattern is the use of the same Judahite royal names as a chronological frame.

Where the Chronicler's chain ends, Jeremiah's dating begins structural / thematic: confirmed

The break at Josiah in v. 15 is not only a grammatical seam; it is the point from which a whole prophetic book starts counting. The Verifier pairs this unit with Jeremiah 1:3 and Jeremiah 37:1 on H2977 Yôʼshîyâh and H3079 Yᵉhôwyâqîym, and with Jeremiah 25:1, 36:1, 45:1 and 46:2 on H2977 together with H7243 rᵉbîyʻîy, "fourth," the very ordinal this unit attaches to Shallum. ⚙ In 1 Chronicles 3:15 that ordinal numbers a son. What it numbers in those Jeremiah verses the brief does not supply, so no claim is made about it: what is recorded is an overlap of vocabulary only, which is why this is tiered structural and not verbal.

Jeremiah 1:3 · Jeremiah 37:1 · Jeremiah 25:1 · Jeremiah 36:1

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H2977 Yôʼshîyâh (in 48 vv) and H3079 Yᵉhôwyâqîym (in 37 vv) for Jeremiah 1:3 and 37:1; H2977 plus H7243 rᵉbîyʻîy (in 54 vv) for Jeremiah 25:1 and 36:1. All common lexemes; the H7243 overlap is coincidental in sense (regnal year vs. birth order) and is reported, not leaned on.

Shallum and Jehoahaz: an identification six commentators make and the Verifier did not return flagged: verify source

Benson, Poole, Gill, JFB, Cambridge and K&D all identify the "fourth Shallum" of v. 15 with the Jehoahaz of 2 Kings, and all rest the identification chiefly on Jeremiah 22:11. K&D: there "it is expressly declared that Shallum, the fourth son of Josiah, was king of Judah instead of his father, and was led away into captivity, and never saw his native land again, as history narrates of Jehoahaz." Poole gives five numbered grounds and Benson four. ⚙ This thread is flagged rather than confirmed, and honestly so: Jeremiah 22:11 did not appear among the Verifier's computed candidates for this unit, so there is no machine-recorded lexeme basis behind it. The basis is a convergence of named commentators reasoning from content. Barnes, moreover, dissents on a connected point, holding that Shallum "was consequently the third, and not the fourth, son." Note also that Poole's and Benson's citations here are internally inconsistent in the received text of their own notes (Poole numbers Jeremiah's examples as 1 Chronicles 3:11, 18, 24), which is a further reason to verify the references directly rather than to rely on this thread.

Jeremiah 22:11 · 2 Kings 23:30

basis: No Verifier-computed lexeme basis: Jeremiah 22:11 and 2 Kings 23:30 were not returned among the thread candidates for this unit. The link rests on the convergent judgment of six named commentators (Benson, Poole, Gill, JFB, Cambridge, K&D), with Barnes dissenting on the ordinal, and on reference strings that are garbled in the received text of Poole's and Benson's notes. Verify against the primary texts before relying on it.

The same kings, counted again in Greek structural / thematic: confirmed

Pulpit notes at v. 10 that the name Abijah appears "in the New Testament genealogy ( Matthew 1:7, 8 )" and at v. 12 that "We have the name as Azariah in Matthew 1:8, 9"; Cambridge likewise sends the reader from 1 Chronicles 3:10 to Matthew 1:7. ⚙ Matthew's opening chapter runs the same Davidic succession, and on the tool's own reading (the brief supplies no text of Matthew against which to check it) that chapter closes its second section, as Chronicles closes this unit, at Jeconiah and the deportation. This link cannot be tiered verbal: a Greek text and a Hebrew text share no Strong's numbers, and the Verifier computes no cross-Testament lexeme basis. What is recorded here is only what two named commentators record, that the names of this list recur in Matthew's, plus the shared structural fact that both lists organize the same kings around the exile.

Matthew 1:7-11

basis: Cross-Testament (Greek to Hebrew): shared Strong's numbers are impossible in principle, so no verbal tier is available. Basis is the explicit cross-reference to Matthew 1:7-9 recorded by Pulpit (at vv. 10 and 12) and Cambridge (at v. 10), plus the shared structural pattern of a Davidic king list terminating at the Babylonian deportation.

Christ in the Unittypology · verify

AI-generated reading; weigh it against the text.

The spine of Matthew's first chapter, written five centuries early ancient/widely-held

Henry's comment on the chapter is the oldest and plainest reading of why this list exists at all: "Of all the families of Israel, none were so illustrious as the family of David: here we have a full account of it. From this family, as concerning the flesh, Christ came." The link is not a flourish; it is textual. Pulpit at v. 10 notes the name Abijah recurring "in the New Testament genealogy ( Matthew 1:7, 8 )", at v. 12 that "We have the name as Azariah in Matthew 1:8, 9", and Cambridge sends the reader from this verse to Matthew 1:7. ⚙ On the tool's own reading, and the brief supplies no text of Matthew against which to check it, Matthew's second section runs from Solomon to the deportation and ends on Jeconiah, which is the span and the terminus of 1 Chronicles 3:10-16 exactly. The claim that Chronicles preserves the genealogy in which Christ comes "as concerning the flesh" is ancient and universal, and Henry states it here.

⚙ What the machine adds is only the observation that the medium matters. A genealogy is the one kind of text that cannot be spiritualized: it makes a claim about bodies, in order, in time. Henry's "as concerning the flesh" and this ledger of בְּנוֹ are making the same kind of claim.

Matthew 1:7-11

Iah holdeth: the verb in a king's name and in the Magnificat novel

Ellicott glosses Ahaziah (v. 11) as "Iah holdeth" and then does something none of the other commentators here do: he cites the New Testament for the sense, "( Luke 1:54 , α ̓ ντελα ́ βετ , 'he hath holpen' )." Ellicott's rendering of that Greek verb, "he hath holpen," is the only New Testament wording the brief supplies anywhere in this unit, and he attaches it to the name of a king in v. 11. ⚙ Read alongside Ellicott's other glosses in this unit, Iah is father, Iah helpeth, Iah is strong, Iahweh judgeth, Iah comforteth, Jahve establishes, a pattern appears: the theology the kings wore as names is the theology Mary sings when the line finally arrives at its end. The kings mostly failed to be what their names said; the song says God did it Himself.

⚙ This is marked novel. Ellicott supplies the one sourced link (Ahaziah to Luke 1:54); the gathering of the other name glosses into a single redemptive pattern is this tool's synthesis and no commentator in the brief makes it. The individual etymologies are Ellicott's nineteenth century philology, some of which he himself queries, and the Strong's entries in this unit give only bare name glosses. Test it before using it.

Luke 1:54

"Jahve establishes," in Babylon novel

The unit ends on Jeconiah, whose name K&D renders as meaning "Jahve founds or establishes," a sense he says the variant Jehoiachin carries equally; Ellicott renders the pair "Iah establish!" and "Iahweh establisheth." Ellicott also records the fact that this king "was carried captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar." K&D has already argued that with Josiah's death "the independent kingship of David came properly to an end," his sons ruling only as "vassals of heathen lords of the land." Benson reads the closing verse the same way: the interruption of the lineal descent at the captivity was "a presage of the glory's departing from that house."

⚙ The list therefore ends with a promise-name attached to a deposed man. The Chronicler, writing after the exile to readers who knew it, does not soften that and does not explain it. He simply keeps writing בְּנוֹ into v. 16, and K&D notes that the sons of Jeconiah follow at 1 Chronicles 3:17 and 3:18. ⚙ The Christian reading is that a throne which failed in Babylon was not therefore a promise that failed, and that the line the Chronicler kept recording is the line Matthew picks up at the same name. The general conviction that the Davidic promise survives the exile in Christ is ancient and widely held, and Henry states it for this chapter; the particular weight put here on the meaning of Jeconiah's name, though the meaning itself is K&D's and Ellicott's, is this tool's own and is offered to be tested.

Matthew 1:11-12 · 1 Chronicles 3:17

Apparatus & Provenance

The biblical text is the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain (CC0). Hebrew/Greek text, transliteration, morphology and Strong’s are transcribed from the Berean interlinear (CC0) + Strong’s lexicons (PD); the literal renderings, divergence notes, word notes and all synthesis are this tool’s own work (⚙) — fallible; verify them.

Named voices, quoted verbatim from public-domain works:

  • Albert Barnes, Notes on the Bible (1834)
  • Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, (1880s)
  • Charles Ellicott, Commentary for English Readers (1878)
  • Geneva Study Bible, Marginal Notes (1599)
  • Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory (1871)
  • John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible (1746–63)
  • Joseph Benson, Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1810s)
  • Keil & Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament (1860s)
  • Matthew Henry, Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible (1706)
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1685)
  • The Pulpit Commentary, Spence & Exell, eds. (1880s)

Text. Seven Hebrew verses, all of them list material: 47 words in total, of which 19 are forms of בֵּן (H1121) and nearly all the rest are proper names. Apart from bên itself, only four non-name words appear in the whole unit: bᵉkôwr (firstborn, H1060) and the ordinals shênîy, shᵉlîyshîy, rᵉbîyʻîy (H8145, H7992, H7243), all in v. 15. Verse 16 word 5 (בְנוֹ) has no gloss in the Berean interlinear: BSB leaves it untranslated, and the note on that word says so rather than supplying a rendering.

Translation choices recorded, not corrected. BSB renders the identical Hebrew וּבְנֵי as "The sons" in v. 15 and "The successors" in v. 16. That is an interpretive decision on the very point Poole, Gill, Ellicott, Cambridge and Pulpit dispute. It is flagged in the divergences and no preferred reading is asserted here.

Unresolved. Three questions in this unit have no settled answer and none is invented here. (1) Who Johanan of v. 15 was: Ellicott and Cambridge say he died early, Barnes that he died "before his father, or with him at Megiddo," Benson that many identify him with Jehoahaz but that it is more probable he predeceased Josiah, and Pulpit notes that "Some, however, have taken the Jehoahaz of 2 Kings 23:30 for him." (2) Why the four sons stand in this order: Barnes says degradation, Gill says brevity and meanness of reign, K&D and Ellicott say maternal grouping plus length of reign, Geneva takes bᵉkôwr itself as a conferred dignity against the other four. (3) Who the Zedekiah of v. 16 was: Cambridge and Poole's first option say the uncle called "son" by succession, Ellicott and Gill say a further, otherwise unknown man, Pulpit says an unknown brother of Jeconiah "If the text be not corrupt." Textual corruption is thus a live option named by a commentator in the brief.

Sources. Eleven commentators are present for this unit and all eleven are quoted. Coverage is uneven in ways worth stating: Henry's note is a single comment on all of 1 Chronicles 3:1-24, reprinted identically at every verse; JFB's and Gill's notes at vv. 10 to 14 are likewise one comment repeated across five verses; K&D's long entry is the same block at every verse and is capped in the brief at its close, so the final portion of his argument about the בְּנוֹ of v. 16 was not available and has not been guessed at. Poole has no text at vv. 10 to 14. Ellicott, Cambridge and Pulpit carry most of the verse-specific detail. Reference strings inside Poole's and Benson's notes at v. 15 are visibly garbled in the received text (Poole cites "1 Chronicles 3:11, 18, 24" where Jeremiah chapter 22 is plainly meant, and Benson cites "2 Kings 24:11" and "2 Kings 24:18" in the same way); those citations are quoted as they stand and are not silently repaired.

Thread bases. Six of the seven threads rest on Verifier-computed shared Strong's lexemes and name them with frequencies. The Shallum/Jehoahaz thread does not and is tiered "flagged: verify source" for that reason. The Matthew thread cannot carry a verbal tier at all, since Greek and Hebrew share no Strong's numbers; it is tiered structural on commentator citation plus shared pattern. The single remaining verbal tier, the Jeremiah cluster at v. 16, rests on a shared proper name, which is weaker evidence of literary dependence than a shared verb or common noun would be. A second candidate for that tier, resting on the same rare lexeme, was deliberately downgraded to structural during the editorial pass on the ground that a shared name across three books is a shared referent and not a verbal link. Both caveats are stated inside the badges as well as here. Where a thread names a cross-referenced verse, the brief supplies its lexeme overlap and not its wording: no verse outside this unit is quoted anywhere in the machine layer.

Machine layer. Everything marked ⚙, including the sola reading, the sola pullquote and the second and third Christ entries, is this tool's fallible synthesis and is not Scripture and not commentary. It is offered to be tested and corrected.

= human, public-domain source, quoted and named. = machine synthesis, to be verified. Flagged cross-references are left visible on purpose — the verifier working in the open. “Search the Scriptures daily, whether those things were so.” (Acts 17:11)