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2 Chronicles33:1–9

Manasseh Reigns in Judah

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2 Chronicles 33:1–9 — Manasseh Reigns in Judah. Each verse below carries the full apparatus: the Berean Standard Bible, the vocalized original (tap any word), and a parsed breakdown of every term transcribed from the interlinear. Synthesized commentary, canonical threads, and the reading of Christ gather at the end, over the whole unit.

1

Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-five years.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

mə·naš·šeh šə·têm ‘eś·rêh ben- šā·nāh ḇə·mā·lə·ḵōw mā·laḵ bî·rū·šā·lim wa·ḥă·miš·šîm wə·ḥā·mêš šā·nāh

Word by word11 · parsed
מְנַשֶּׁ֣הmə·naš·šehManassehH4519
√ Mᵉnashsheh — Menashsheh, a grandson of Jacob, also the tribe descended from him, and its territoryNounpropermasculine singular
שְׁתֵּ֥יםšə·têmwas twelveH8147
√ shᵉnayim — twoNumberfd
עֶשְׂרֵ֛ה‘eś·rêh. . .H6240
√ ʻâsâr — ten (only in combination), iNumberfeminine singular
בֶּן־ben-years oldH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular construct
bên: a son, in the widest sense of literal and figurative relationship The construct "son of twelve years" is the standard Hebrew age formula, so no theology hangs on it by itself. What hangs on it is the narrative fact Maclaren presses: a child of twelve, flung onto a throne, was likely to catch the infection of any sin in the air, and Maclaren adds that he would probably have been preserved from it had his father lived long enough to mould his character. ⚙ The formula that dates every other reign here dates a childhood.
שָׁנָ֖הšā·nāh. . .H8141
√ shâneh — a year (as a revolution of time)Nounfeminine singular
בְמָלְכ֑וֹḇə·mā·lə·ḵōwwhen he became kingH4427
√ mâlak — to reignPreposition-bVerbQalInfinitive constructthird person masculine singular
mâlak: to reign The infinitive construct with the b preposition is the Chronicler's regnal formula, repeated for every king in the book. Its very routineness is part of the indictment: the same neutral frame that introduced Hezekiah introduces the man who undid him.
מָלַ֖ךְmā·laḵand he reignedH4427
√ mâlak — to reignVerbQalPerfectthird person masculine singular
mâlak: to reign The Qal perfect completes what the infinitive began. Fifty-five years is the longest recorded reign in Judah, and it belongs to the worst of her kings. The Chronicler, whose whole scheme rewards obedience with security, leaves that datum standing without comment, and it presses on his own theology from the inside.
בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃bî·rū·šā·limin JerusalemH3389
√ Yᵉrûwshâlaim — Jerushalaim or Jerushalem, the capital city of PalestinePreposition-bNounproperfeminine singular
וַחֲמִשִּׁ֤יםwa·ḥă·miš·šîmfifty-fiveH2572
√ chămishshîym — fiftyConjunctive wawNumbercommon plural
וְחָמֵשׁ֙wə·ḥā·mêš. . .H2568
√ châmêsh — fiveConjunctive wawNumberfeminine singular
שָׁנָ֔הšā·nāhyearsH8141
√ shâneh — a year (as a revolution of time)Nounfeminine singular
2

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD by following the abominations of the nations that the LORD had driven out before the Israelites.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

way·ya·‘aś hā·ra‘ bə·‘ê·nê Yah·weh kə·ṯō·w·‘ă·ḇō·wṯ hag·gō·w·yim ’ă·šer Yah·weh hō·w·rîš mip·pə·nê bə·nê yiś·rā·’êl

Word by word12 · parsed
וַיַּ֥עַשׂway·ya·‘aśAnd he didH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
הָרַ֖עhā·ra‘evilH7451
√ raʻ — bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)ArticleAdjectivemasculine singular
raʻ: bad or, as noun, evil, natural or moral With the article this is the Deuteronomic technical term, "the evil in the eyes of YHWH," the formula by which Kings and Chronicles grade every reign. It is not a moral estimate offered by the historian but a verdict quoted from the covenant.
בְּעֵינֵ֣יbə·‘ê·nêin the sightH5869
√ ʻayin — an eye (literally or figuratively)Preposition-bNouncdc
ʻayin: an eye, literally or figuratively The dual construct makes the standard of judgment personal rather than statutory: not "contrary to the law" but "before the eyes." Cambridge records that the Hebrew of this verse corresponds exactly between Chronicles and 2 Kings, so the formula is quoted, not composed.
יְהוָ֑הYah·wehof the LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
כְּתֽוֹעֲבוֹת֙kə·ṯō·w·‘ă·ḇō·wṯby following the abominationsH8441
√ tôwʻêbah — properly, something disgusting (morally), iPreposition-kNounfeminine plural construct
tôwʻêbah: something disgusting, morally, an abomination The noun is the covenant's word for the specific Canaanite practices catalogued at Deuteronomy 18:9 to 14, which the Pulpit cites here. Its force is visceral disgust, not legal irregularity; the nations were expelled for exactly these, which makes Judah's adoption of them self-sentencing.
הַגּוֹיִ֔םhag·gō·w·yimof the nationsH1471
√ gôwy — a foreign nationArticleNounmasculine plural
אֲשֶׁר֙’ă·šerthatH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
יְהוָ֔הYah·wehthe LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
הוֹרִ֣ישׁhō·w·rîšhad driven outH3423
√ yârash — to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place)VerbHifilPerfectthird person masculine singular
yârash: to occupy by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place The Hiphil is a verb of conveyance: God dispossessed the nations in order to possess Israel in their place. The clause therefore contains the threat by implication. A tenant who behaves like the evicted has already named his own eviction, which is what v. 8 will then hold out as avoidable.
מִפְּנֵ֖יmip·pə·nêbeforeH6440
√ pânîym — the face (as the part that turns)Preposition-mNouncommon plural construct
בְּנֵ֥יbə·nêthe IsraelitesH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine plural construct
יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃yiś·rā·’êl. . .H3478
√ Yisrâʼêl — Jisrael, a symbolical name of JacobNounpropermasculine singular
3

For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had torn down, and he raised up altars for the Baals and made Asherah poles. And he worshiped and served all the host of heaven.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

way·yā·šāḇ way·yi·ḇen ’eṯ- hab·bā·mō·wṯ ’ă·šer ’ā·ḇîw yə·ḥiz·qî·yā·hū nit·taṣ way·yā·qem miz·bə·ḥō·wṯ lab·bə·‘ā·lîm way·ya·‘aś ’ă·šê·rō·wṯ way·yiš·ta·ḥū way·ya·‘ă·ḇōḏ lə·ḵāl ṣə·ḇā haš·šā·ma·yim ’ō·ṯām

Word by word19 · parsed
וַיָּ֗שָׁבway·yā·šāḇFor he rebuiltH7725
√ shûwb — to turn back (hence, away) transitively or intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily with the idea of return to the starting point)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
shûwb: to turn back, hence away, literally or figuratively This is the great verb of repentance in the prophets, and here it drives the opposite motion: a return to what a father had destroyed. Chronicles uses it twice over Manasseh, first for this apostate turning and later (v. 12 onward, outside this unit) for his turning back to God, so the same root spans both halves of his life.
וַיִּ֙בֶן֙way·yi·ḇen. . .H1129
√ bânâh — to build (literally and figuratively)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
הַבָּמ֔וֹתhab·bā·mō·wṯthe high placesH1116
√ bâmâh — an elevationArticleNounfeminine plural
אֲשֶׁ֥ר’ă·šerthatH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
אָבִ֑יו’ā·ḇîwhis fatherH1
√ ʼâb — father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote applicationNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
יְחִזְקִיָּ֣הוּyə·ḥiz·qî·yā·hūHezekiahH2396
√ Chizqîyâh — Chizkijah, a king of Judah, also the name of two other IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
נִתַּ֖ץnit·taṣhad torn downH5422
√ nâthats — to tear downVerbPielPerfectthird person masculine singular
nâthats: to tear down The Piel intensive marks Hezekiah's reform as violent and complete. Set beside wayyibhen (and he built) in the same verse, the two verbs frame the whole tragedy of Judah's monarchy: one generation's demolition is the next generation's building site.
וַיָּ֨קֶםway·yā·qemand he raised upH6965
√ qûwm — to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative)Conjunctive wawVerbHifilConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
מִזְבְּח֤וֹתmiz·bə·ḥō·wṯaltarsH4196
√ mizbêach — an altarNounmasculine plural
לַבְּעָלִים֙lab·bə·‘ā·lîmfor the BaalsH1168
√ Baʻal — Baal, a Phoenician deityPreposition-l, ArticleNounpropermasculine singular
Baʻal: Baal, a Phoenician deity The name means simply lord or owner. The article plus plural, "the Baals," is the Chronicler's deliberate alteration of the singular in Kings. Ellicott calls it rhetorical (Manasseh made such things as Baals); Cambridge grounds it in the real plurality of local cults. Both readings are recorded; the text does not decide between them.
וַיַּ֣עַשׂway·ya·‘aśand madeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
אֲשֵׁר֔וֹת’ă·šê·rō·wṯAsherah polesH842
√ ʼăshêrâh — Asherah (or Astarte) a Phoenician goddessNounfeminine plural
וַיִּשְׁתַּ֙חוּ֙way·yiš·ta·ḥūAnd he worshipedH7812
√ shâchâh — to depress, iConjunctive wawVerbHitpaelConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
shâchâh: to depress, to prostrate oneself The Hitpael is the posture reserved in the Law for YHWH alone. Paired with ʻâbad (to serve) in the next word, it reproduces the exact word pair of the second commandment's prohibition, so the verse is written in the vocabulary of the commandment it breaks.
וַֽיַּעֲבֹ֖דway·ya·‘ă·ḇōḏand servedH5647
√ ʻâbad — to work (in any sense)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
לְכָל־lə·ḵālallH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholePreposition-lNounmasculine singular construct
צְבָ֣אṣə·ḇāthe hostH6635
√ tsâbâʼ — a mass of persons (or figuratively, things), especially regNouncommon singular construct
הַשָּׁמַ֔יִםhaš·šā·ma·yimof heavenH8064
√ shâmayim — the sky (as aloftArticleNounmasculine plural
shâmayim: the sky, the heavens "All the host of the heavens" is astral worship, and Cambridge points to 2 Kings 17:16 and Jeremiah 8:2 for the same phrase. The Pulpit judges this pantheon an addition beyond the wickedness of the earlier bad kings. Deuteronomy 4:19 had specifically warned against lifting the eyes to the host of heaven, which is the very act named here.
אֹתָֽם׃’ō·ṯāmH853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object markerthird person masculine plural
4

Manasseh also built altars in the house of the LORD, of which the LORD had said, “My Name will remain in Jerusalem forever.”

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

ū·ḇā·nāh miz·bə·ḥō·wṯ bə·ḇêṯ Yah·weh ’ă·šer Yah·weh ’ā·mar šə·mî yih·yeh- bî·rū·šā·lim lə·‘ō·w·lām

Word by word11 · parsed
וּבָנָ֥הū·ḇā·nāh[Manasseh] also builtH1129
√ bânâh — to build (literally and figuratively)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
מִזְבְּח֖וֹתmiz·bə·ḥō·wṯaltarsH4196
√ mizbêach — an altarNounmasculine plural
בְּבֵ֣יתbə·ḇêṯin the houseH1004
√ bayith — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etcPreposition-bNounmasculine singular construct
bayith: a house, in the greatest variation of applications The construct "house of YHWH" is used four times in vv. 4 to 7, and the repetition is the argument: every altar named is placed inside the one building that was not his. The Pulpit traces the quoted promise to Deuteronomy 12:11 and the Chronicler's own 2 Chronicles 6:6 and 7:16.
יְהוָ֑הYah·wehof the LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
אֲשֶׁר֙’ă·šerof whichH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
יְהוָ֔הYah·wehthe LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
אָמַ֣ר’ā·marhad saidH559
√ ʼâmar — to say (used with great latitude)VerbQalPerfectthird person masculine singular
שְּׁמִ֖יšə·mîMy NameH8034
√ shêm — an appellation, as amark or memorial of individualityNounmasculine singular constructfirst person common singular
shêm: an appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality In Deuteronomic theology the Name is God's placed presence, the pledge that He may be found at one address. Manasseh's altars do not relocate the Name; they crowd it. The promise quoted against him is the promise that guarantees the house he is defiling will not be simply abandoned.
יִֽהְיֶה־yih·yeh-will remainH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
hâyâh: to exist, to be, to come to pass The imperfect of the verb of being carries the divine oath. Ellicott marks it as a heightening over the wording in Kings, and the heightening matters: what God says of the Name here is not a policy but a state of affairs He asserts.
בִּירוּשָׁלִַ֥םbî·rū·šā·limin JerusalemH3389
√ Yᵉrûwshâlaim — Jerushalaim or Jerushalem, the capital city of PalestinePreposition-bNounproperfeminine singular
לְעוֹלָֽם׃lə·‘ō·w·lāmforeverH5769
√ ʻôwlâm — properly, concealed, iPreposition-lNounmasculine singular
ʻôwlâm: properly concealed, hence time out of mind, forever The word bounds the promise at the far horizon of human sight, which is precisely why the verse is unbearable in its context. God says forever; the king builds altars in the same room.
5

In both courtyards of the house of the LORD, he built altars to all the host of heaven.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

biš·tê ḥaṣ·rō·wṯ bêṯ- Yah·weh way·yi·ḇen miz·bə·ḥō·wṯ lə·ḵāl ṣə·ḇā haš·šā·mā·yim

Word by word9 · parsed
בִּשְׁתֵּ֖יbiš·têIn bothH8147
√ shᵉnayim — twoPreposition-bNumberfeminine dual construct
חַצְר֥וֹתḥaṣ·rō·wṯcourtyardsH2691
√ châtsêr — a yard (as inclosed by a fence)Nouncommon plural construct
châtsêr: a yard, as enclosed by a fence The courts were the graded approach to the sanctuary, the architecture of nearness itself. Filling both with altars to the stars does not merely add worship, it abolishes the gradation, which is the structural meaning of desecration in Chronicles.
בֵּית־bêṯ-of the houseH1004
√ bayith — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etcNounmasculine singular construct
יְהוָֽה׃Yah·wehof the LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
וַיִּ֥בֶןway·yi·ḇenhe builtH1129
√ bânâh — to build (literally and figuratively)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
מִזְבְּח֖וֹתmiz·bə·ḥō·wṯaltarsH4196
√ mizbêach — an altarNounmasculine plural
mizbêach: an altar, the place of slaughter The noun occurs three times in vv. 3 to 5 and once more in the reversal at 2 Chronicles 33:15, where the same king casts these same altars out of the city. The Verifier records the shared lexeme between the two passages; the vocabulary of the sin and of its undoing is identical.
לְכָל־lə·ḵālto allH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholePreposition-lNounmasculine singular construct
צְבָ֣אṣə·ḇāthe hostH6635
√ tsâbâʼ — a mass of persons (or figuratively, things), especially regNouncommon singular construct
tsâbâʼ: a mass of persons or things, especially an army Astral religion came with the Assyrian ascendancy, and Ellicott (on v. 6) cites Robertson Smith for the wider point that the Assyrian crisis made the darker aspects of heathenism dominant across Palestine. Judah's king is here importing the sky of the empire that was crushing him.
הַשָּׁמָ֑יִםhaš·šā·mā·yimof heavenH8064
√ shâmayim — the sky (as aloftArticleNounmasculine plural
6

He sacrificed his sons in the fire in the Valley of Ben-hinnom. He practiced sorcery, divination, and witchcraft, and consulted mediums and spiritists. He did great evil in the sight of the LORD, provoking Him to anger.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·hū he·‘ĕ·ḇîr ’eṯ- bā·nāw bā·’êš bə·ḡê ḇen- hin·nōm wə·‘ō·w·nên wə·ni·ḥêš wə·ḵiš·šêp̄ wə·‘ā·śāh ’ō·wḇ wə·yid·də·‘ō·w·nî la·‘ă·śō·wṯ hir·bāh hā·ra‘ bə·‘ê·nê Yah·weh lə·haḵ·‘î·sōw

Word by word20 · parsed
וְהוּא֩wə·hūHeH1931
√ hûwʼ — he (she or it)Conjunctive wawPronounthird person masculine singular
הֶעֱבִ֨ירhe·‘ĕ·ḇîrsacrificedH5674
√ ʻâbar — to cross overVerbHifilPerfectthird person masculine singular
ʻâbar: to cross over The Hiphil "cause to pass over" is the fixed idiom for child sacrifice to Molech, forbidden at Leviticus 18:21 and Deuteronomy 18:10, both of which the Pulpit cites here. The Pulpit's judgment is blunt: this amounted to nothing less than the sacrifice of the child in the fire, and it remarks how the Hebrew text never once describes the act's mechanics.
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
בָּנָ֤יוbā·nāwhis sonsH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine plural constructthird person masculine singular
בָּאֵשׁ֙bā·’êšin the fireH784
√ ʼêsh — fire (literally or figuratively)Preposition-b, ArticleNouncommon singular
בְּגֵ֣יbə·ḡêin the ValleyH1516
√ gayʼ — a gorge (from its lofty sidesPreposition-bNounproperfeminine singular
gayʼ: a gorge, a valley The Chronicler adds the location, which Kings lacks; K&D and Ellicott both flag it as his explanatory addition. The Pulpit locates the ravine by Joshua 15:8 and 18:16 and recalls that Solomon set high places for Molech at its eastern extremity (1 Kings 11:7), so the ground Manasseh used had a history in his own dynasty. It becomes Jeremiah's valley of slaughter (Jeremiah 7:31 to 32, cited by Cambridge) and, through Greek Gehenna, the New Testament's word for final ruin.
בֶן־ḇen-vvvH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular construct
הִנֹּ֔םhin·nōmof Ben-hinnomH2011
√ Hinnôm — Hinnom, apparently a JebusiteNounproper
וְעוֹנֵ֤ןwə·‘ō·w·nênHe practiced sorceryH6049
√ ʻânan — figuratively, to act covertly, iConjunctive wawVerbPielConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
ʻânan: figuratively, to act covertly, to practise magic A rare verb (the Verifier counts it in eleven verses), appearing with nâchash in the prohibition lists of Deuteronomy 18:10 and Leviticus 19:26. Its obscurity is worth stating plainly: the commentators disagree, and the ancient sense may be irrecoverable.
וְנִחֵשׁ֙wə·ni·ḥêšdivinationH5172
√ nâchash — properly, to hiss, iConjunctive wawVerbPielConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
nâchash: properly to hiss, to whisper a magic spell, to divine Rarer still (nine verses). The Pulpit observes that the root is the ordinary word for serpent, and that its five neutral uses in Genesis (30:27; 44:5, 15) suggest the practice was not intrinsically evil but became so in its presumption of superhuman help where none was given.
וְֽכִשֵּׁ֔ףwə·ḵiš·šêp̄and witchcraftH3784
√ kâshaph — properly, to whisper aspell, iConjunctive wawVerbPielConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
kâshaph: properly to whisper a spell, to enchant A rare root, in six verses only, and Ellicott notes it is absent from the parallel in Kings: the Chronicler has added it. Its other occurrences name the sorcerers of Pharaoh's court (Exodus 7:11), the woman not to be suffered to live (Exodus 22:18), the Chaldean specialists (Daniel 2:2) and the class God comes to judge (Malachi 3:5).
וְעָ֥שָׂהwə·‘ā·śāhand consultedH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
א֖וֹב’ō·wḇmediumsH178
√ ʼôwb — properly, a mumble, iNounmasculine singular
ʼôwb: properly a mumble, hence a necromancer or the spirit consulted Cambridge records that the word probably denotes a necromancer who uses ventriloquism, and that the Septuagint here reads "he appointed ventriloquists," so the Hebrew verb is ʻâsâh, to make or appoint, not "consult." ⚙ The grammar therefore describes an appointment to office, not a single consultation: Manasseh put on the state payroll the practice Saul turned to on the night before his death (1 Samuel 28, which Cambridge cites here), and which the prohibitions the Pulpit lists here (Leviticus 19:31; 20:6, 27; Deuteronomy 18:11) placed under the severest sanction.
וְיִדְּעוֹנִ֑יwə·yid·də·‘ō·w·nîand spiritistsH3049
√ yiddᵉʻônîy — properly, a knowing oneConjunctive wawNounmasculine singular
לַעֲשׂ֥וֹתla·‘ă·śō·wṯHe didH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationPreposition-lVerbQalInfinitive construct
הִרְבָּ֗הhir·bāhgreatH7235
√ râbâh — to increase (in whatever respect)VerbHifilPerfectthird person masculine singular
râbâh: to increase in whatever respect The Hiphil with the infinitive gives Ellicott's literal rendering: he multiplied doing the evil. Evil here is quantified, and the Chronicler is preparing the comparative of v. 9. Manasseh is not merely bad; the text measures him.
הָרַ֛עhā·ra‘evilH7451
√ raʻ — bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)ArticleAdjectivemasculine singular
בְּעֵינֵ֥יbə·‘ê·nêin the sightH5869
√ ʻayin — an eye (literally or figuratively)Preposition-bNouncdc
יְהוָ֖הYah·wehof the LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
לְהַכְעִיסֽוֹ׃lə·haḵ·‘î·sōwprovoking Him to angerH3707
√ kaʻaç — to troublePreposition-lVerbHifilInfinitive constructthird person masculine singular
kaʻaç: to trouble, to provoke to anger The Hiphil infinitive with suffix states purpose or result: "to provoke Him." This is the one clause in the catalogue that names God's response rather than Manasseh's act, and the Verifier records the same rare lexeme standing in the parallel at 2 Kings 21:6.
7

Manasseh even took the carved image he had made and set it up in the house of God, of which God had said to David and his son Solomon, “In this temple and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, I will establish My Name forever.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

pe·sel has·se·mel ’ă·šer ‘ā·śāh way·yā·śem ’eṯ- bə·ḇêṯ hā·’ĕ·lō·hîm ’ă·šer ’ĕ·lō·hîm ’ā·mar ’el- dā·wîḏ wə·’el- ḇə·nōw šə·lō·mōh haz·zeh bab·ba·yiṯ ū·ḇî·rū·šā·lim ’ă·šer bā·ḥar·tî mik·kōl šiḇ·ṭê yiś·rā·’êl ’ā·śîm ’eṯ- šə·mî lə·‘ê·lō·wm

Word by word28 · parsed
פֶּ֥סֶלpe·selManasseh even took the carvedH6459
√ peçel — an idolNounmasculine singular construct
peçel: an idol, a carved image The word of Exodus 20:4 and Deuteronomy 4:16. Placing a pesel in the house of the Name is not one sin among the list but the second commandment broken at the address where the first was pledged. The Verifier records the shared lexeme with Deuteronomy 4:16, where the word stands in the prohibition itself.
הַסֶּ֖מֶלhas·se·melimageH5566
√ çemel — a likenessArticleNounmasculine singular
çemel: a likeness, an image Five verses in the canon carry this noun: Deuteronomy 4:16, this verse and v. 15, and Ezekiel 8:3 and 8:5. K&D reasons from that distribution to a literary dependence, though the direction of borrowing is his conjecture. What the lexeme count does establish is that the Chronicler chose a word almost no one else uses, and every other user is describing an image that ought not to exist.
אֲשֶׁ֣ר’ă·šerH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
עָשָׂ֑ה‘ā·śāhhe had madeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationVerbQalPerfectthird person masculine singular
וַיָּ֕שֶׂםway·yā·śemand set it upH7760
√ sûwm — to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
בְּבֵ֣יתbə·ḇêṯin the houseH1004
√ bayith — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etcPreposition-bNounmasculine singular construct
הָאֱלֹהִ֗יםhā·’ĕ·lō·hîmof GodH430
√ ʼĕlôhîym — gods in the ordinary senseArticleNounmasculine plural
ʼĕlôhîym: God, gods in the ordinary sense Ellicott notes that Chronicles has added "of God" here where Kings says only "the house," and that the Temple proper is meant as distinct from the courts of v. 5. The intrusion is therefore graded: altars in the courts, then the image in the sanctuary itself.
אֲשֶׁ֨ר’ă·šerof whichH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
אֱלֹהִים֙’ĕ·lō·hîmGodH430
√ ʼĕlôhîym — gods in the ordinary senseNounmasculine plural
אָמַ֤ר’ā·marhad saidH559
√ ʼâmar — to say (used with great latitude)VerbQalPerfectthird person masculine singular
אֶל־’el-toH413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongPreposition
דָּוִיד֙dā·wîḏDavidH1732
√ Dâvid — David, the youngest son of JesseNounpropermasculine singular
וְאֶל־wə·’el-. . .H413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongConjunctive wawPreposition
בְנ֔וֹḇə·nōwand his sonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
שְׁלֹמֹ֣הšə·lō·mōhSolomonH8010
√ Shᵉlômôh — Shelomah, David's successorNounpropermasculine singular
הַזֶּ֜הhaz·zehIn thisH2088
√ zeh — the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or thatArticlePronounmasculine singular
בַּבַּ֨יִתbab·ba·yiṯtempleH1004
√ bayith — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etcPreposition-b, ArticleNounmasculine singular
וּבִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֗םū·ḇî·rū·šā·limand in JerusalemH3389
√ Yᵉrûwshâlaim — Jerushalaim or Jerushalem, the capital city of PalestineConjunctive waw, Preposition-bNounproperfeminine singular
אֲשֶׁ֤ר’ă·šerwhichH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
בָּחַ֙רְתִּי֙bā·ḥar·tîI have chosenH977
√ bâchar — properly, to try, iVerbQalPerfectfirst person common singular
bâchar: properly to try, hence to select Election language, and the Chronicler's favourite. The promise quoted is the one given at 2 Chronicles 7:16 to Solomon. Its presence here is the Chronicler's own argument: the chosenness of the place is not contingent on the behaviour of the king who stands in it.
מִכֹּל֙mik·kōlout of allH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholePreposition-mNounmasculine singular construct
שִׁבְטֵ֣יšiḇ·ṭêthe tribesH7626
√ shêbeṭ — a scion, iNounmasculine plural construct
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לyiś·rā·’êlof IsraelH3478
√ Yisrâʼêl — Jisrael, a symbolical name of JacobNounpropermasculine singular
אָשִׂ֥ים’ā·śîmI will establishH7760
√ sûwm — to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)VerbQalImperfectfirst person common singular
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
שְׁמִ֖יšə·mîMy NameH8034
√ shêm — an appellation, as amark or memorial of individualityNounmasculine singular constructfirst person common singular
shêm: an appellation, a memorial of individuality The second occurrence of the Name promise in four verses (see v. 4). Both times it is quoted as spoken speech of God, and both times it frames an act of defilement. The Chronicler is not softening Manasseh; he is showing that the promise is older and harder than the sin.
לְעֵילֽוֹם׃lə·‘ê·lō·wmforeverH5865
√ ʻêylôwm — {concealed, iPreposition-lNounmasculine singular
ʻêylôwm: forever, a unique spelling of ʻôwlâm A hapax form. Ellicott and K&D independently flag it. A scribal variant is the simplest explanation and is honestly the likeliest; no meaning should be built on the spelling itself.
8

I will never again cause the feet of the Israelites to leave the land that I assigned to your fathers, if only they are careful to do all that I have commanded them through Moses—all the laws, statutes, and judgments.”

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·lō ’ō·w·sîp̄ re·ḡel yiś·rā·’êl lə·hā·sîr ’eṯ- mê·‘al hā·’ă·ḏā·māh ’ă·šer he·‘ĕ·maḏ·tî la·’ă·ḇō·ṯê·ḵem ’im- raq yiš·mə·rū la·‘ă·śō·wṯ ’êṯ kāl- ’ă·šer ṣiw·wî·ṯîm bə·yaḏ- mō·šeh lə·ḵāl hat·tō·w·rāh wə·ha·ḥuq·qîm wə·ham·miš·pā·ṭîm

Word by word25 · parsed
וְלֹ֣אwə·lōI will neverH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absConjunctive wawAdverbNegative particle
אוֹסִ֗יף’ō·w·sîp̄againH3254
√ yâçaph — to add or augment (often adverbial, to continue to do a thing)VerbHifilImperfectfirst person common singular
yâçaph: to add or augment, often adverbially to continue to do a thing The idiom "I will not add to remove" makes the promise a refusal to repeat, which implies a precedent. Israel's history of dispossession is folded into the grammar of its security.
רֶ֣גֶלre·ḡelcause the feetH7272
√ regel — a foot (as used in walking)Nounfeminine singular construct
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לyiś·rā·’êlof the IsraelitesH3478
√ Yisrâʼêl — Jisrael, a symbolical name of JacobNounpropermasculine singular
לְהָסִיר֙lə·hā·sîrto leaveH5493
√ çûwr — to turn off (literal or figurative)Preposition-lVerbHifilInfinitive construct
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
מֵעַל֙mê·‘alH5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition-m
הָֽאֲדָמָ֔הhā·’ă·ḏā·māhthe landH127
√ ʼădâmâh — soil (from its general redness)ArticleNounfeminine singular
ʼădâmâh: soil, from its general redness The covenant gift is named as dirt, not as territory. That is the register of Genesis 2:7 and of the curse of Genesis 3:17, and it makes exile a matter of feet being lifted off ground rather than a change of jurisdiction.
אֲשֶׁ֥ר’ă·šerthatH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
הֶֽעֱמַ֖דְתִּיhe·‘ĕ·maḏ·tîI assignedH5975
√ ʻâmad — to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive)VerbHifilPerfectfirst person common singular
לַאֲבֹֽתֵיכֶ֑םla·’ă·ḇō·ṯê·ḵemto your fathersH1
√ ʼâb — father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote applicationPreposition-lNounmasculine plural constructsecond person masculine plural
אִם־’im-ifH518
√ ʼim — used very widely as demonstrative, lo!Conjunction
רַ֣ק׀raqonlyH7535
√ raq — properly, leanness, iAdverb
raq: properly leanness, hence only, altogether, surely The restrictive particle carries the entire conditionality of the covenant promise. Cambridge notes the Revised Version corrects the older "so that they will take heed" to "if only they will observe," restoring the condition that the King James rendering had blurred into a consequence.
יִשְׁמְר֣וּyiš·mə·rūthey are carefulH8104
√ shâmar — properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine plural
shâmar: properly to hedge about as with thorns, hence to guard, observe The verb means to keep by fencing. Its object here is obedience, and the irony is exact: Manasseh has spent this chapter filling the fenced courts (châtsêr, v. 5) of the Temple while the people fail to fence the commandments.
לַעֲשׂ֗וֹתla·‘ă·śō·wṯto doH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationPreposition-lVerbQalInfinitive construct
אֵ֚ת’êṯH853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
כָּל־kāl-allH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholeNounmasculine singular construct
אֲשֶׁ֣ר’ă·šerthatH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
צִוִּיתִ֔יםṣiw·wî·ṯîmI have commanded themH6680
√ tsâvâh — (intensively) to constitute, enjoinVerbPielPerfectfirst person common singularthird person masculine plural
בְּיַד־bə·yaḏ-throughH3027
√ yâd — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etcPreposition-bNounfeminine singular construct
yâd: a hand, the open one, indicating power, means, direction "By the hand of Moses" is instrumentality, and Ellicott draws the precise conclusion: the phrase is a characteristic interpretation by the Chronicler that carefully notes the authority of the Lawgiver was not primary but derived. The Law belongs to God, and Moses is the conduit.
מֹשֶֽׁה׃mō·šehMosesH4872
√ Môsheh — Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiverNounpropermasculine singular
לְכָל־lə·ḵālallH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholePreposition-lNounmasculine singular construct
הַתּוֹרָ֛הhat·tō·w·rāhthe lawsH8451
√ tôwrâh — a precept or statute, especially the Decalogue or PentateuchArticleNounfeminine singular
tôwrâh: a precept or statute, especially the Decalogue or Pentateuch The Chronicler heaps three nouns where Kings has one: tôrâh, chuqqîm, mishpâṭîm. K&D lists this piling up of words for the law as one of the Chronicler's characteristic intensifications, and Ellicott calls the last two an explanatory addition. The effect is to make the neglected condition as full and specific as possible.
וְהַֽחֻקִּ֥יםwə·ha·ḥuq·qîmstatutesH2706
√ chôq — an enactmentConjunctive waw, ArticleNounmasculine plural
וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִ֖יםwə·ham·miš·pā·ṭîmand judgmentsH4941
√ mishpâṭ — properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, individual or collective), including the act, the place, the suit, the crime, and the penaltyConjunctive waw, ArticleNounmasculine plural
9

So Manasseh led the people of Judah and Jerusalem astray, so that they did greater evil than the nations that the LORD had destroyed before the Israelites.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

mə·naš·šeh ’eṯ- wə·yō·šə·ḇê yə·hū·ḏāh yə·rū·šā·lim way·ye·ṯa‘ la·‘ă·śō·wṯ rā‘ min- hag·gō·w·yim ’ă·šer Yah·weh hiš·mîḏ mip·pə·nê bə·nê yiś·rā·’êl

Word by word16 · parsed
מְנַשֶּׁ֔הmə·naš·šehSo ManassehH4519
√ Mᵉnashsheh — Menashsheh, a grandson of Jacob, also the tribe descended from him, and its territoryNounpropermasculine singular
Mᵉnashsheh: Manasseh, the name of Jacob's grandson and of the tribe descended from him The name reappears here as the grammatical subject of a causative verb. In v. 1 he was the object of a reign formula, a boy being dated by a calendar; in v. 9 he is the agent who makes a whole people stagger. ⚙ Nine verses have moved him from boy to cause, and the name he bears is a tribal name of Israel, so that the man who leads Judah past the nations carries the memory of Jacob's house in his own name.
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
וְיֹשְׁבֵ֣יwə·yō·šə·ḇê{led} the peopleH3427
√ yâshab — properly, to sit down (specifically as judgeConjunctive wawVerbQalParticiplemasculine plural construct
yâshab: properly to sit down, hence to dwell, to inhabit The participle "the inhabitants of" pairs Judah with the settled population of Jerusalem, which is the Chronicler's way of naming the whole covenant community, not merely a court. Maclaren stresses that the popular current ran the same way, so the guilt is shared: rulers who lower the standard have an easy task, but those who follow cannot plead that they only followed.
יְהוּדָ֖הyə·hū·ḏāhof JudahH3063
√ Yᵉhûwdâh — Jehudah (or Judah), the name of five IsraelitesNounpropermasculine singular
יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑םyə·rū·šā·limand JerusalemH3389
√ Yᵉrûwshâlaim — Jerushalaim or Jerushalem, the capital city of PalestineNounproperfeminine singular
וַיֶּ֣תַעway·ye·ṯa‘astrayH8582
√ tâʻâh — to vacillate, iConjunctive wawVerbHifilConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
tâʻâh: to vacillate, to reel, to stray The Hiphil makes Manasseh the cause of a national reeling. It is the verb of sheep without a shepherd and of a man lost in a wilderness, and it turns the king, whose office was to lead the people in the way, into the agency of their losing it.
לַעֲשׂ֣וֹתla·‘ă·śō·wṯso that they didH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationPreposition-lVerbQalInfinitive construct
רָ֔עrā‘greater evilH7451
√ raʻ — bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)Adjectivemasculine singular
raʻ: bad or, as noun, evil Anarthrous here where vv. 2 and 6 had the article. With min following, the noun is drawn into a comparison and so into a measure. Maclaren's formulation is the sharpest available: when a worshipper of Jehovah does like the heathen, he does worse than they.
מִן־min-thanH4480
√ min — properly, a part ofPreposition
הַ֨גּוֹיִ֔םhag·gō·w·yimthe nationsH1471
√ gôwy — a foreign nationArticleNounmasculine plural
אֲשֶׁר֙’ă·šerthatH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
יְהוָ֔הYah·wehthe LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
הִשְׁמִ֣ידhiš·mîḏhad destroyedH8045
√ shâmad — to desolateVerbHifilPerfectthird person masculine singular
shâmad: to desolate, to exterminate The Hiphil is the harshest verb of removal in the covenant vocabulary, and it is chosen deliberately over the yârash of v. 2. Cambridge points to Jeremiah 15:4, where the exile itself is traced back to what Manasseh did; the sentence implied by this verb is the sentence the book will eventually record.
מִפְּנֵ֖יmip·pə·nêbeforeH6440
√ pânîym — the face (as the part that turns)Preposition-mNouncommon plural construct
בְּנֵ֥יbə·nêthe IsraelitesH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine plural construct
יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃פyiś·rā·’êl. . .H3478
√ Yisrâʼêl — Jisrael, a symbolical name of JacobNounpropermasculine singular

The verse-by-verse work is done. What follows gathers the whole unit. All three layers below are machine-generated (⚙). Weigh them; they have no authority.

Grand Commentary — the unit, read whole

synthesis · verify

AI synthesis — woven from the public-domain voices above and the original text; generated and fallible.

i. A son of twelve years, and a father's work undone — vv. 1 to 3

The unit opens in the flattest formula Chronicles owns: בֶּן־שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה (a son of twelve years) and fifty-five years of reign. Cambridge and the Pulpit both notice what is missing: the Chronicler drops the queen mother's name, Hephzibah, which 2 Kings 21:1 supplies. Benson and Gill decline to expound the section at all, Gill observing that from here to the end of v. 9 the material stands almost word for word as in Kings, and K&D agreeing that the whole agrees almost verbally with 2 Kings 21:1 to 9. ⚙ The Chronicler is therefore not composing an indictment; he is quoting one, with small deliberate intensifications that K&D itemises. The first of those falls in v. 3: the plural לַבְּעָלִים (the Baals) and אֲשֵׁרוֹת (Asherahs) where Kings has singulars. Ellicott judges the plural rhetorical, Manasseh made such things as Asheras; Cambridge grounds it historically in the many local aspects of Baal. Both readings are kept here, because the consonants cannot settle it. The verb that carries v. 3 is וַיָּשָׁב (shûb, to turn back), which the Pulpit unpacks as the ordinary Hebrew idiom for taking again to building. ⚙ That the Bible's own word for repentance should drive the rebuilding of what Hezekiah demolished is the grammatical shape of the tragedy: a real turning, in the wrong direction.

ii. Altars inside the sentence that says the Name lives there — vv. 4, 5 and 7

Three times in four verses the construct בֵּית יְהוָה (house of YHWH) is the site of the offence, and twice the verse quotes God's own promise about that site. The Pulpit traces the quoted words to Deuteronomy 12:11 and to the Chronicler's own 2 Chronicles 6:6 and 7:16; Cambridge points to 7:16 for the wording of v. 4. Ellicott notices that the Chronicler has heightened the phrase: Kings has "I will set my name," Chronicles has "my Name shall be." ⚙ The construction is unbearable on purpose. The altars are built inside a sentence about permanence. The intrusion is also graded: v. 5 fills both חַצְרוֹת (courts, the fenced enclosures, so Cambridge at 2 Chronicles 4:9), and v. 7 reaches the sanctuary itself, where Ellicott notes Chronicles has added "of God" to distinguish the Temple proper from the courts. The object placed there is named with a word almost nobody uses: הַסֶּמֶל (çemel, in five verses in the whole canon). Kings said "the Asherah"; Barnes records that some took semel for a proper name and compared the Greek Semele, a nineteenth century guess he reports without endorsing. K&D derives the word from Deuteronomy 4:16 and suspects the Chronicler took it from Ezekiel 8:3. ⚙ The direction of that borrowing is K&D's conjecture, but the lexical fact stands on its own: every surviving use of çemel describes an image that ought not to exist.

iii. Fire in the ravine, and the whole forbidden catalogue — v. 6

The verse begins with a pronoun the grammar does not need. Ellicott marks וְהוּא emphatic and absent from Kings; Cambridge glosses the stress with an exclamation, that wicked one. What follows is הֶעֱבִיר, he caused to pass over, the polite ritual euphemism. The Pulpit refuses the euphemism: there can be no doubt that this amounted to nothing less than the sacrifice of the child in the fire, and he remarks, acutely, that Scripture nowhere describes the mechanics. The Chronicler adds the place, the Valley of Ben-Hinnom, which K&D and Ellicott both flag as his own explanatory addition, and Cambridge connects to Jeremiah 7:31 to 32. Then four verbs in a row: ʻânan, nâchash, kâshaph, and the appointing of ʼôwb and yiddᵉʻônîy. Ellicott takes the first two strictly as observing clouds and observing serpents; Cambridge says the precise meaning of ʻônçn is quite uncertain and that ôb probably denotes a necromancer who works by ventriloquism, noting the Septuagint reads "he appointed ventriloquists." The Pulpit surveys every occurrence of each root and still concedes the difficulty. ⚙ Honesty requires saying so: these are technical terms of a dead religion, and the translations in every English Bible are reasoned guesses. What is not a guess is that Ellicott's summary holds, all the offences here ascribed to Manasseh are forbidden in Deuteronomy 18:10 to 11, and that Ellicott, citing Robertson Smith, sets the whole catalogue in its Assyrian moment: as life was embittered by foreign bondage, the darker aspects of heathenism became dominant. Like Saul, Ellicott says, Manasseh appears to have despaired of help or counsel from Jehovah.

iv. The condition ignored, and a nation carried past the nations — vv. 8 and 9

Verse 8 is the covenant's own escape clause, quoted in full while it is being forfeited: אִם־רַק, if only they will keep. Cambridge notes the Revised Version's correction of the older "so that they will take heed" back to "if only they will observe," restoring a condition that the earlier English had turned into a consequence, and the Geneva gloss on "by the hand of Moses" reads simply, by the charge given to Moses. Ellicott presses the same phrase further: it carefully notes that the authority of the Lawgiver was not primary but derived. The Chronicler then piles up tôrâh, chuqqîm and mishpâṭîm where Kings had one word, a heaping K&D lists among his characteristic intensifications and Ellicott calls an explanatory addition. ⚙ The rhetorical effect is to make the ignored condition as detailed and unmissable as language allows. Then v. 9 closes the bracket and breaks it. Maclaren sees the movement exactly: in v. 2 Manasseh did like unto the abominations of the nations, in v. 9 he did evil more than the nations, and his conclusion is the sharpest sentence any commentator offers on this unit, that when a worshipper of Jehovah does like the heathen, he does worse than they. The Hebrew marks the escalation twice more: the article drops off רָע, turning a verdict into a measurable quantity, and הוֹרִישׁ (dispossessed, v. 2) hardens into הִשְׁמִיד (exterminated, v. 9). Cambridge draws the line forward to Jeremiah 15:4, where the exile itself is traced back to Manasseh. Maclaren also refuses to let the people hide behind the king: rulers who lower the standard have an easy task, but those who follow are not thereby innocent.

Read under Sola Scriptura — this tool’s own fallible reading (⚙)

⚙ This is the tool's own fallible reading, offered to be tested against the text. Nine verses of unrelieved indictment are held together by a promise the indictment cannot touch. Twice, in v. 4 and again in v. 7, the Chronicler interrupts his own list of desecrations to quote God saying that His Name will be in this house forever. He did not have to. The catalogue would have run more smoothly without it. ⚙ I take the interruption to be the argument: the Chronicler is establishing that what Manasseh violated is not a building's reputation but an oath, and that an oath violated is not an oath cancelled. Read that way, the two Name sentences are not ironic asides but the ground on which the rest of the chapter, which lies outside this unit, becomes possible at all. Henry, writing on the chapter whole, sees the same thing from the far end and asks who can complain that the way of heaven is blocked up, when he sees such a sinner enter. ⚙ And there is a second, quieter thing in the Hebrew. Verse 1 calls Manasseh a son, בֶּן, of twelve years. Verse 6 says he caused his sons, בָּנָיו, to pass through the fire. Verse 7 has God speaking to David and to Solomon his son, בְּנוֹ. The same noun runs through the passage as boy king, as burnt child, and as covenant heir. ⚙ I do not claim the Chronicler intended that pattern; no commentator in this brief notes it, and I flag it as my own observation and nothing more. But if the passage asks anything of a reader, it is this: a son placed on a throne too young became a man who fed his own sons to a fire, in a city chosen by a God who had bound His Name to it before either of them was born. The horror and the hope are anchored to the same word.

⚙ The single line pulled out beside this reading ("The Name set in that house could be buried under a carved likeness; it could not be unset") is my own sentence, machine synthesis and fallible. It is not a verse, it is not a quotation from any commentator named above, and it should be read as a claim under test rather than as Scripture.

The Name set in that house could be buried under a carved likeness; it could not be unset.

Canonical Threads — out to the whole of Scripture

cross-refs · verify

AI-generated connections. Each carries a verification badge with a recorded basis; contested links are flagged.

The forbidden list, item by item: Deuteronomy 18 and Leviticus 19 verbal / quotation: confirmed

Verse 6's catalogue is not a general charge of superstition; it reproduces a specific statute. The rare Piel וְעוֹנֵן (ʻânan, H6049) and וְנִחֵשׁ (nâchash, H5172) stand together in Deuteronomy 18:10 and again in Leviticus 19:26, and Deuteronomy 18:10 adds the passing of a child through אֵשׁ (ʼêsh, fire). The Verifier confirms all three shared lexemes. Ellicott states the point directly, that all the offences here ascribed to Manasseh are forbidden in Deuteronomy 18:10 to 11; the Pulpit cites Leviticus 18:21 and Deuteronomy 18:10 for the fire and traces each verb through its handful of canonical occurrences; Cambridge concedes that the precise meaning of ʻônçn is quite uncertain. ⚙ The Chronicler appears to be writing the charge sheet in the words of the statute, which is what makes v. 9's "more than the nations" legally intelligible.

Deuteronomy 18:10 · Leviticus 19:26

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H5172 nâchash (in 9 vv) and H6049 ʻânan (in 11 vv) with Deuteronomy 18:10 and Leviticus 19:26, plus H784 ʼêsh with Deuteronomy 18:10. Both divination roots are rare, and the pairing of the two in a list is confined to these prohibition texts and their echoes

Semel: a five-verse word, from the prohibition to the defiled sanctuary verbal / quotation: confirmed

הַסֶּמֶל (çemel, H5566) occurs in five verses in the whole Hebrew Bible: Deuteronomy 4:16, this verse and 2 Chronicles 33:15, and Ezekiel 8:3 and 8:5. In Deuteronomy it stands inside the prohibition against making any פֶּסֶל (peçel, H6459) in the form of any likeness; here both nouns appear together in a construct chain, the carved image of the likeness. The Verifier confirms both shared lexemes with Deuteronomy 4:16 and çemel with Ezekiel 8:3. K&D draws the word from Deuteronomy 4:16 and suspects the Chronicler took it from Ezekiel 8:3, where it probably denotes the statue of Asherah; Barnes calls it a somewhat unusual name and reports, without endorsing, the comparison some made with the Greek Semele. ⚙ K&D's claim about which direction the borrowing ran is a conjecture and is marked as such; the lexical rarity itself is not.

Deuteronomy 4:16 · Ezekiel 8:3

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H5566 çemel (in 5 vv, one of the rarest nouns in the canon) and H6459 peçel (in 31 vv) with Deuteronomy 4:16; H5566 çemel with Ezekiel 8:3. The verbal link is certain; the literary dependence K&D proposes is not part of the recorded basis

Ob and yiddeoni: the necromancer's pair, from Endor to Josiah's purge verbal / quotation: confirmed

Verse 6 says Manasseh made or appointed אוֹב (ʼôwb, H178) and יִדְּעוֹנִי (yiddᵉʻônîy, H3049). The two nouns travel together as a fixed pair through a small set of texts: the prohibition of Leviticus 19:31 and 20:6, Saul's own purge and then his collapse at Endor in 1 Samuel 28:3, Isaiah's mockery of those who chirp and mutter in Isaiah 8:19, and Josiah's clearing of the land in 2 Kings 23:24. The Verifier confirms the shared pair in each. Cambridge notes that the witch of Endor was such a person and that the Septuagint renders the phrase here "he appointed ventriloquists"; the Pulpit cites Isaiah 8:19 for the sound of it. ⚙ The frame that results is a closed circuit: Saul banned them and died consulting one, Manasseh institutionalised them, Josiah swept them out again.

1 Samuel 28:3 · Leviticus 19:31 · Isaiah 8:19 · 2 Kings 23:24

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H178 ʼôwb (in 16 vv) and H3049 yiddᵉʻônîy (in 11 vv) present as a pair in 1 Samuel 28:3, Leviticus 19:31, Isaiah 8:19 and 2 Kings 23:24. Both are rare and the fixed collocation is confined to these texts; no quotation is claimed, only a technical formula shared across them

Kashaph: the whispered spell, from Pharaoh's court to the last prophet verbal / quotation: confirmed

וְכִשֵּׁף (kâshaph, H3784) occurs in six verses. Ellicott observes that the word does not appear in the parallel place in Kings, so the Chronicler has added it. Its other occurrences form a striking set: the sorcerers who matched Moses before Pharaoh (Exodus 7:11), the capital prohibition of Exodus 22:18, the Chaldean specialists summoned by Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 2:2), and Malachi 3:5, where the sorcerers head the list of those against whom the coming Lord will be a swift witness. The Verifier confirms the shared lexeme in each. ⚙ By adding this one verb the Chronicler places the king of Judah in the company of Egypt's magicians and Babylon's, and under the judgment Malachi announces.

Exodus 7:11 · Exodus 22:18 · Daniel 2:2 · Malachi 3:5

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexeme H3784 kâshaph (in 6 vv) with Exodus 7:11, Exodus 22:18, Daniel 2:2 and Malachi 3:5; Malachi 3:5 also shares H4941 mishpâṭ (in 395 vv). The root's extreme rarity carries the link; the grouping of these texts as a set is my arrangement, not a quotation

The same altars, carried out of the city by the same hands flagged: verify source

The verbs and nouns of vv. 3 to 5, בָּנָה (bânâh, to build) and מִזְבֵּחַ (mizbêach, altar), recur six verses later at 2 Chronicles 33:15, where Manasseh takes away the foreign gods and the çemel from the house of YHWH and all the altars he had built, and casts them out of the city. The Verifier records the shared lexemes. ⚙ Both roots are common, so the link is not carried by rarity; it is carried by the Chronicler's deliberate reuse of his own indictment as the inventory of the repentance. This unit ends at v. 9 and does not include the reversal, which is why the reversal must be named rather than assumed: Barnes notes that the central part of this chapter, vv. 11 to 19, is almost entirely new matter not found in Kings, and Maclaren reports that its historical authenticity has been denied on precisely that ground, while declining to adjudicate.

2 Chronicles 33:15

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H4196 mizbêach (in 338 vv) and H1129 bânâh (in 344 vv), both common, so the lexeme overlap alone carries nothing and the link would at best be structural. Flagged rather than confirmed because the provenance of the passage on the far side is itself disputed in the sources: Barnes records that 2 Chronicles 33:11-19 is almost entirely new matter absent from Kings, and Maclaren records that its historical authenticity has been denied on exactly that ground. Verify the source before leaning on this link

The ravine of Ben-Hinnom, and the word the Gospels use for ruin structural / thematic: confirmed

The Chronicler adds a place name Kings does not have: גֵּי בֶן־הִנֹּם, the valley of the son of Hinnom, where the children were passed through the fire. K&D and Ellicott both mark the addition as his own. The Pulpit connects it to Joshua 15:8 and 18:16 and to Solomon's high places for Molech at 1 Kings 11:7; Cambridge connects it to Jeremiah 7:31 to 32, where the same valley becomes the valley of slaughter. In the Gospels the Aramaic form of this place name, rendered in Greek as geenna, is the word on Jesus' lips for final destruction (Matthew 5:22; Mark 9:43). ⚙ The link is one of transmitted toponym and of moral geography, not of shared vocabulary in the sourced sense.

Jeremiah 7:31 · Joshua 15:8 · Matthew 5:22 · Mark 9:43

basis: Cross-Testament, therefore no shared Strong's number is possible: the Gospel texts are Greek and no Hebrew lexeme can be held in common. The basis is the transmission of one place name (Hebrew gê ben-hinnōm, Greek geenna) plus the shared motif of fire and child-slaughter recorded by Cambridge (Jeremiah 7:31 to 32) and the Pulpit (Joshua 15:8; 1 Kings 11:7). No quotation is claimed

"More than the nations": Manasseh named as the cause of the exile structural / thematic: confirmed

Cambridge, commenting on v. 9, points to Jeremiah 15:4, where the captivity itself is referred back for its cause to the evil deeds of Manasseh. The Hebrew of v. 9 prepares that verdict in two strokes: the article falls from רָע, so the evil becomes a quantity available for comparison, and the verb of removal hardens from הוֹרִישׁ (v. 2, dispossessed) to הִשְׁמִיד (v. 9, exterminated). ⚙ A people who behave worse than the exterminated have written the sentence against themselves, and Jeremiah quotes it back. This link is recorded on the commentator's authority and on the internal escalation, not on a computed lexeme match.

Jeremiah 15:4

basis: No Verifier lexeme basis was computed for this pair; the recorded basis is Cambridge's own cross-reference at 2 Chronicles 33:9 together with the internal escalation from H3423 yârash (v. 2) to H8045 shâmad (v. 9). Thematic only, and deliberately not tiered verbal

Christ in the Unittypology · verify

AI-generated reading; weigh it against the text.

The Name that could be buried but not unset ancient/widely-held

Twice this unit stops to quote God on the house: my Name shall be in Jerusalem forever (v. 4), I will set my Name here forever (v. 7). Ellicott notes that the Chronicler has heightened the wording of Kings from an act of setting to a state of being, and the Pulpit traces the promise to Deuteronomy 12:11 and 2 Chronicles 7:16. ⚙ The unit's whole force is that a promise of presence survives the desecration of the place it named. That is the logic the Gospels carry forward when Jesus says of His own body, destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up, which John glosses as spoken of the temple of His body (John 2:19 to 21), and when He says that something greater than the temple is here (Matthew 12:6). The reading that the Name dwelling in the house points beyond the house to the Word made flesh who tabernacled among us (John 1:14) is the ancient and widely-held Christian reading of Deuteronomic Name theology, and this chapter is its hardest test case: the house was not merely neglected, it was filled with a carved likeness by its own king, and the promise held.

John 2:19-21 · Matthew 12:6 · John 1:14 · 2 Chronicles 7:16

Chief of sinners: Manasseh as the measure of pardon ancient/widely-held

This unit stops at v. 9, with a king who has done evil more than the nations God exterminated. Henry, expounding the chapter as a whole, calls what follows a memorable instance of the riches of God's pardoning mercy and the power of His renewing grace, and asks who can complain that the way of heaven is blocked up, when he sees such a sinner enter. Maclaren calls the story a typical example, while honestly recording that its historical authenticity is denied on the ground that it appears only in Chronicles, and Barnes notes that vv. 11 to 19 are almost entirely new matter. ⚙ The New Testament makes the same argument with a different name in the slot: Paul calls himself the foremost of sinners and says he obtained mercy precisely so that in him Christ might display His perfect patience as a pattern for those who would believe (1 Timothy 1:15 to 16), and Romans 5:20 states the rule, that where sin increased, grace abounded all the more. The theological reading, that the worst case is chosen deliberately to fix the measure of mercy, is Henry's and is widely held; the particular pairing of Manasseh with 1 Timothy 1:16 is my own arrangement of it and is offered as such.

1 Timothy 1:15-16 · Romans 5:20

The son passed through the fire, and the Son not spared novel

Verse 6 says Manasseh הֶעֱבִיר (caused to pass over) his sons in the fire in the ravine of Ben-Hinnom. The Pulpit will not let the euphemism stand: it amounted to nothing less than the sacrifice of the child in the fire. ⚙ Read against the canon, the act is an inversion at two points. Abraham was stopped, and a ram was provided in the son's place (Genesis 22:12 to 13), which is the Law's own verdict on what Manasseh did. And where a king of Judah spent his sons to buy the favour of gods who were not there, the God who forbade it did not spare His own Son but gave Him up for us all (Romans 8:32), in the one case where the giving was the giver's own cost and not another's. ⚙ I mark this reading novel rather than ancient: none of the commentators in this brief draws it, and it is a contrast typology of my own construction. It should be weighed accordingly, and the sourced facts it rests on, the Hiphil of ʻâbar, the location, and the prohibitions of Leviticus 18:21 and Deuteronomy 18:10, are what stand independent of it.

Genesis 22:12-13 · Romans 8:32 · Leviticus 18:21

Apparatus & Provenance

The biblical text is the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain (CC0). Hebrew/Greek text, transliteration, morphology and Strong’s are transcribed from the Berean interlinear (CC0) + Strong’s lexicons (PD); the literal renderings, divergence notes, word notes and all synthesis are this tool’s own work (⚙) — fallible; verify them.

Named voices, quoted verbatim from public-domain works:

  • Albert Barnes, Notes on the Bible (1834)
  • Alexander Maclaren, Expositions of Holy Scripture (c. 1905)
  • Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, (1880s)
  • Charles Ellicott, Commentary for English Readers (1878)
  • Geneva Study Bible, Marginal Notes (1599)
  • Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory (1871)
  • John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible (1746–63)
  • Joseph Benson, Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1810s)
  • Keil & Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament (1860s)
  • Matthew Henry, Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible (1706)
  • The Pulpit Commentary, Spence & Exell, eds. (1880s)

⚙ Honesty notes for this unit. Text. Verses 1 to 9 stand almost word for word as 2 Kings 21:1 to 9. Gill and Benson expressly decline to comment for that reason, JFB refers the reader to Kings, and K&D states that the section agrees almost verbally with the parallel. The differences K&D itemises are small and deliberate: plural Baals and Asherahs in v. 3 for singulars in Kings, plural sons in v. 6 for a singular son, the added verb kâshaph and the added place name Ben-Hinnom in v. 6, the heaped-up law words in v. 8, and peçel has·semel in v. 7 for Kings' peçel hā·ʼăshêrāh, which K&D calls the most important of them. Cambridge notes that v. 2 corresponds exactly between the two books. Ellicott judges that in v. 8 Kings preserves the original reading ("which I gave") against the Chronicler's "which I appointed," a text-critical judgment, not a fact of the manuscripts.

Words we cannot translate with confidence. The divination verbs of v. 6 are the weak point of every English version. Cambridge says outright that the precise meaning of ʻônçn is quite uncertain; the Pulpit catalogues all ten occurrences and still hedges; Ellicott offers "observed clouds" and "observed serpents" from etymology. The renderings in BSB ("sorcery, divination, and witchcraft") are conventional equivalents, not secure lexical results, and nothing in the synthesis above should be read as claiming otherwise. Likewise ʼôwb: Cambridge's ventriloquism explanation rests on the Septuagint's rendering here, and the verb governing it is ʻâsâh (to make, appoint), not a verb of consulting.

Disputed and reported opinions. Barnes's comparison of semel with the Greek Semele is reported by him as the view of others and has no support beyond a surface resemblance of sound. K&D's suggestion that the Chronicler took semel from Ezekiel 8:3 is a conjecture about literary direction. Thenius's proposal, relayed by Ellicott at v. 9, that the clause about leading Judah astray once followed immediately on the setting up of the image, is a nineteenth century source-critical reconstruction with no manuscript witness. Ellicott's Robertson Smith quotation at v. 6 is a historical thesis about Assyrian-era religion in Palestine, cited here because Ellicott cites it, not because this brief can verify it.

Scope. This unit stops at v. 9. Manasseh's captivity, prayer, repentance and reforms (vv. 11 to 19) lie outside it. Henry's and Maclaren's entries were written on the whole chapter and are quoted here with that noted, since their pastoral conclusions depend on material this unit does not contain. Maclaren records, without resolving, that the authenticity of the repentance narrative has been questioned because it appears only in Chronicles; Barnes independently notes that vv. 11 to 19 are almost entirely new matter. Poole has no text on any verse of this unit, and the Geneva entries are largely the 1599 verse text with a brief marginal gloss.

Machine layer. Every reading marked ⚙ is this tool's own and fallible. The ben pattern traced in the sola reading (son of twelve years, his sons, his son Solomon) is my observation and is noted by no commentator in this brief. The Son typology in the third christ entry is marked novel for the same reason. The thread on Jeremiah 15:4 carries no computed lexeme basis and rests on Cambridge's cross-reference; the Gehenna thread is cross-Testament and therefore cannot carry a verbal tier at all.

= human, public-domain source, quoted and named. = machine synthesis, to be verified. Flagged cross-references are left visible on purpose — the verifier working in the open. “Search the Scriptures daily, whether those things were so.” (Acts 17:11)