Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-five years.
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
mə·naš·šeh šə·têm ‘eś·rêh ben- šā·nāh ḇə·mā·lə·ḵōw mā·laḵ bî·rū·šā·lim wa·ḥă·miš·šîm wə·ḥā·mêš šā·nāh
The Fallible · Synthetic · Study Bible
Manasseh Reigns in Judah
2 Chronicles 33:1–9 — Manasseh Reigns in Judah. Each verse below carries the full apparatus: the Berean Standard Bible, the vocalized original (tap any word), and a parsed breakdown of every term transcribed from the interlinear. Synthesized commentary, canonical threads, and the reading of Christ gather at the end, over the whole unit.
Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-five years.
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
mə·naš·šeh šə·têm ‘eś·rêh ben- šā·nāh ḇə·mā·lə·ḵōw mā·laḵ bî·rū·šā·lim wa·ḥă·miš·šîm wə·ḥā·mêš šā·nāh
And he did evil in the sight of the LORD by following the abominations of the nations that the LORD had driven out before the Israelites.
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
way·ya·‘aś hā·ra‘ bə·‘ê·nê Yah·weh kə·ṯō·w·‘ă·ḇō·wṯ hag·gō·w·yim ’ă·šer Yah·weh hō·w·rîš mip·pə·nê bə·nê yiś·rā·’êl
For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had torn down, and he raised up altars for the Baals and made Asherah poles. And he worshiped and served all the host of heaven.
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
way·yā·šāḇ way·yi·ḇen ’eṯ- hab·bā·mō·wṯ ’ă·šer ’ā·ḇîw yə·ḥiz·qî·yā·hū nit·taṣ way·yā·qem miz·bə·ḥō·wṯ lab·bə·‘ā·lîm way·ya·‘aś ’ă·šê·rō·wṯ way·yiš·ta·ḥū way·ya·‘ă·ḇōḏ lə·ḵāl ṣə·ḇā haš·šā·ma·yim ’ō·ṯām
Manasseh also built altars in the house of the LORD, of which the LORD had said, “My Name will remain in Jerusalem forever.”
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
ū·ḇā·nāh miz·bə·ḥō·wṯ bə·ḇêṯ Yah·weh ’ă·šer Yah·weh ’ā·mar šə·mî yih·yeh- bî·rū·šā·lim lə·‘ō·w·lām
In both courtyards of the house of the LORD, he built altars to all the host of heaven.
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
biš·tê ḥaṣ·rō·wṯ bêṯ- Yah·weh way·yi·ḇen miz·bə·ḥō·wṯ lə·ḵāl ṣə·ḇā haš·šā·mā·yim
He sacrificed his sons in the fire in the Valley of Ben-hinnom. He practiced sorcery, divination, and witchcraft, and consulted mediums and spiritists. He did great evil in the sight of the LORD, provoking Him to anger.
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
wə·hū he·‘ĕ·ḇîr ’eṯ- bā·nāw bā·’êš bə·ḡê ḇen- hin·nōm wə·‘ō·w·nên wə·ni·ḥêš wə·ḵiš·šêp̄ wə·‘ā·śāh ’ō·wḇ wə·yid·də·‘ō·w·nî la·‘ă·śō·wṯ hir·bāh hā·ra‘ bə·‘ê·nê Yah·weh lə·haḵ·‘î·sōw
Manasseh even took the carved image he had made and set it up in the house of God, of which God had said to David and his son Solomon, “In this temple and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, I will establish My Name forever.
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
pe·sel has·se·mel ’ă·šer ‘ā·śāh way·yā·śem ’eṯ- bə·ḇêṯ hā·’ĕ·lō·hîm ’ă·šer ’ĕ·lō·hîm ’ā·mar ’el- dā·wîḏ wə·’el- ḇə·nōw šə·lō·mōh haz·zeh bab·ba·yiṯ ū·ḇî·rū·šā·lim ’ă·šer bā·ḥar·tî mik·kōl šiḇ·ṭê yiś·rā·’êl ’ā·śîm ’eṯ- šə·mî lə·‘ê·lō·wm
I will never again cause the feet of the Israelites to leave the land that I assigned to your fathers, if only they are careful to do all that I have commanded them through Moses—all the laws, statutes, and judgments.”
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
wə·lō ’ō·w·sîp̄ re·ḡel yiś·rā·’êl lə·hā·sîr ’eṯ- mê·‘al hā·’ă·ḏā·māh ’ă·šer he·‘ĕ·maḏ·tî la·’ă·ḇō·ṯê·ḵem ’im- raq yiš·mə·rū la·‘ă·śō·wṯ ’êṯ kāl- ’ă·šer ṣiw·wî·ṯîm bə·yaḏ- mō·šeh lə·ḵāl hat·tō·w·rāh wə·ha·ḥuq·qîm wə·ham·miš·pā·ṭîm
So Manasseh led the people of Judah and Jerusalem astray, so that they did greater evil than the nations that the LORD had destroyed before the Israelites.
Berean Standard Bible · CC0
Hebrew — tap a word ↓
mə·naš·šeh ’eṯ- wə·yō·šə·ḇê yə·hū·ḏāh yə·rū·šā·lim way·ye·ṯa‘ la·‘ă·śō·wṯ rā‘ min- hag·gō·w·yim ’ă·šer Yah·weh hiš·mîḏ mip·pə·nê bə·nê yiś·rā·’êl
The verse-by-verse work is done. What follows gathers the whole unit. All three layers below are machine-generated (⚙). Weigh them; they have no authority.
AI synthesis — woven from the public-domain voices above and the original text; generated and fallible.
The unit opens in the flattest formula Chronicles owns: בֶּן־שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה (a son of twelve years) and fifty-five years of reign. Cambridge and the Pulpit both notice what is missing: the Chronicler drops the queen mother's name, Hephzibah, which 2 Kings 21:1 supplies. Benson and Gill decline to expound the section at all, Gill observing that from here to the end of v. 9 the material stands almost word for word as in Kings, and K&D agreeing that the whole agrees almost verbally with 2 Kings 21:1 to 9. ⚙ The Chronicler is therefore not composing an indictment; he is quoting one, with small deliberate intensifications that K&D itemises. The first of those falls in v. 3: the plural לַבְּעָלִים (the Baals) and אֲשֵׁרוֹת (Asherahs) where Kings has singulars. Ellicott judges the plural rhetorical, Manasseh made such things as Asheras; Cambridge grounds it historically in the many local aspects of Baal. Both readings are kept here, because the consonants cannot settle it. The verb that carries v. 3 is וַיָּשָׁב (shûb, to turn back), which the Pulpit unpacks as the ordinary Hebrew idiom for taking again to building. ⚙ That the Bible's own word for repentance should drive the rebuilding of what Hezekiah demolished is the grammatical shape of the tragedy: a real turning, in the wrong direction.
Three times in four verses the construct בֵּית יְהוָה (house of YHWH) is the site of the offence, and twice the verse quotes God's own promise about that site. The Pulpit traces the quoted words to Deuteronomy 12:11 and to the Chronicler's own 2 Chronicles 6:6 and 7:16; Cambridge points to 7:16 for the wording of v. 4. Ellicott notices that the Chronicler has heightened the phrase: Kings has "I will set my name," Chronicles has "my Name shall be." ⚙ The construction is unbearable on purpose. The altars are built inside a sentence about permanence. The intrusion is also graded: v. 5 fills both חַצְרוֹת (courts, the fenced enclosures, so Cambridge at 2 Chronicles 4:9), and v. 7 reaches the sanctuary itself, where Ellicott notes Chronicles has added "of God" to distinguish the Temple proper from the courts. The object placed there is named with a word almost nobody uses: הַסֶּמֶל (çemel, in five verses in the whole canon). Kings said "the Asherah"; Barnes records that some took semel for a proper name and compared the Greek Semele, a nineteenth century guess he reports without endorsing. K&D derives the word from Deuteronomy 4:16 and suspects the Chronicler took it from Ezekiel 8:3. ⚙ The direction of that borrowing is K&D's conjecture, but the lexical fact stands on its own: every surviving use of çemel describes an image that ought not to exist.
The verse begins with a pronoun the grammar does not need. Ellicott marks וְהוּא emphatic and absent from Kings; Cambridge glosses the stress with an exclamation, that wicked one. What follows is הֶעֱבִיר, he caused to pass over, the polite ritual euphemism. The Pulpit refuses the euphemism: there can be no doubt that this amounted to nothing less than the sacrifice of the child in the fire, and he remarks, acutely, that Scripture nowhere describes the mechanics. The Chronicler adds the place, the Valley of Ben-Hinnom, which K&D and Ellicott both flag as his own explanatory addition, and Cambridge connects to Jeremiah 7:31 to 32. Then four verbs in a row: ʻânan, nâchash, kâshaph, and the appointing of ʼôwb and yiddᵉʻônîy. Ellicott takes the first two strictly as observing clouds and observing serpents; Cambridge says the precise meaning of ʻônçn is quite uncertain and that ôb probably denotes a necromancer who works by ventriloquism, noting the Septuagint reads "he appointed ventriloquists." The Pulpit surveys every occurrence of each root and still concedes the difficulty. ⚙ Honesty requires saying so: these are technical terms of a dead religion, and the translations in every English Bible are reasoned guesses. What is not a guess is that Ellicott's summary holds, all the offences here ascribed to Manasseh are forbidden in Deuteronomy 18:10 to 11, and that Ellicott, citing Robertson Smith, sets the whole catalogue in its Assyrian moment: as life was embittered by foreign bondage, the darker aspects of heathenism became dominant. Like Saul, Ellicott says, Manasseh appears to have despaired of help or counsel from Jehovah.
Verse 8 is the covenant's own escape clause, quoted in full while it is being forfeited: אִם־רַק, if only they will keep. Cambridge notes the Revised Version's correction of the older "so that they will take heed" back to "if only they will observe," restoring a condition that the earlier English had turned into a consequence, and the Geneva gloss on "by the hand of Moses" reads simply, by the charge given to Moses. Ellicott presses the same phrase further: it carefully notes that the authority of the Lawgiver was not primary but derived. The Chronicler then piles up tôrâh, chuqqîm and mishpâṭîm where Kings had one word, a heaping K&D lists among his characteristic intensifications and Ellicott calls an explanatory addition. ⚙ The rhetorical effect is to make the ignored condition as detailed and unmissable as language allows. Then v. 9 closes the bracket and breaks it. Maclaren sees the movement exactly: in v. 2 Manasseh did like unto the abominations of the nations, in v. 9 he did evil more than the nations, and his conclusion is the sharpest sentence any commentator offers on this unit, that when a worshipper of Jehovah does like the heathen, he does worse than they. The Hebrew marks the escalation twice more: the article drops off רָע, turning a verdict into a measurable quantity, and הוֹרִישׁ (dispossessed, v. 2) hardens into הִשְׁמִיד (exterminated, v. 9). Cambridge draws the line forward to Jeremiah 15:4, where the exile itself is traced back to Manasseh. Maclaren also refuses to let the people hide behind the king: rulers who lower the standard have an easy task, but those who follow are not thereby innocent.
⚙ This is the tool's own fallible reading, offered to be tested against the text. Nine verses of unrelieved indictment are held together by a promise the indictment cannot touch. Twice, in v. 4 and again in v. 7, the Chronicler interrupts his own list of desecrations to quote God saying that His Name will be in this house forever. He did not have to. The catalogue would have run more smoothly without it. ⚙ I take the interruption to be the argument: the Chronicler is establishing that what Manasseh violated is not a building's reputation but an oath, and that an oath violated is not an oath cancelled. Read that way, the two Name sentences are not ironic asides but the ground on which the rest of the chapter, which lies outside this unit, becomes possible at all. Henry, writing on the chapter whole, sees the same thing from the far end and asks who can complain that the way of heaven is blocked up, when he sees such a sinner enter. ⚙ And there is a second, quieter thing in the Hebrew. Verse 1 calls Manasseh a son, בֶּן, of twelve years. Verse 6 says he caused his sons, בָּנָיו, to pass through the fire. Verse 7 has God speaking to David and to Solomon his son, בְּנוֹ. The same noun runs through the passage as boy king, as burnt child, and as covenant heir. ⚙ I do not claim the Chronicler intended that pattern; no commentator in this brief notes it, and I flag it as my own observation and nothing more. But if the passage asks anything of a reader, it is this: a son placed on a throne too young became a man who fed his own sons to a fire, in a city chosen by a God who had bound His Name to it before either of them was born. The horror and the hope are anchored to the same word.
⚙ The single line pulled out beside this reading ("The Name set in that house could be buried under a carved likeness; it could not be unset") is my own sentence, machine synthesis and fallible. It is not a verse, it is not a quotation from any commentator named above, and it should be read as a claim under test rather than as Scripture.
The Name set in that house could be buried under a carved likeness; it could not be unset.
AI-generated connections. Each carries a verification badge with a recorded basis; contested links are flagged.
Verse 6's catalogue is not a general charge of superstition; it reproduces a specific statute. The rare Piel וְעוֹנֵן (ʻânan, H6049) and וְנִחֵשׁ (nâchash, H5172) stand together in Deuteronomy 18:10 and again in Leviticus 19:26, and Deuteronomy 18:10 adds the passing of a child through אֵשׁ (ʼêsh, fire). The Verifier confirms all three shared lexemes. Ellicott states the point directly, that all the offences here ascribed to Manasseh are forbidden in Deuteronomy 18:10 to 11; the Pulpit cites Leviticus 18:21 and Deuteronomy 18:10 for the fire and traces each verb through its handful of canonical occurrences; Cambridge concedes that the precise meaning of ʻônçn is quite uncertain. ⚙ The Chronicler appears to be writing the charge sheet in the words of the statute, which is what makes v. 9's "more than the nations" legally intelligible.
Deuteronomy 18:10 · Leviticus 19:26
basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H5172 nâchash (in 9 vv) and H6049 ʻânan (in 11 vv) with Deuteronomy 18:10 and Leviticus 19:26, plus H784 ʼêsh with Deuteronomy 18:10. Both divination roots are rare, and the pairing of the two in a list is confined to these prohibition texts and their echoes
הַסֶּמֶל (çemel, H5566) occurs in five verses in the whole Hebrew Bible: Deuteronomy 4:16, this verse and 2 Chronicles 33:15, and Ezekiel 8:3 and 8:5. In Deuteronomy it stands inside the prohibition against making any פֶּסֶל (peçel, H6459) in the form of any likeness; here both nouns appear together in a construct chain, the carved image of the likeness. The Verifier confirms both shared lexemes with Deuteronomy 4:16 and çemel with Ezekiel 8:3. K&D draws the word from Deuteronomy 4:16 and suspects the Chronicler took it from Ezekiel 8:3, where it probably denotes the statue of Asherah; Barnes calls it a somewhat unusual name and reports, without endorsing, the comparison some made with the Greek Semele. ⚙ K&D's claim about which direction the borrowing ran is a conjecture and is marked as such; the lexical rarity itself is not.
Deuteronomy 4:16 · Ezekiel 8:3
basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H5566 çemel (in 5 vv, one of the rarest nouns in the canon) and H6459 peçel (in 31 vv) with Deuteronomy 4:16; H5566 çemel with Ezekiel 8:3. The verbal link is certain; the literary dependence K&D proposes is not part of the recorded basis
Verse 6 says Manasseh made or appointed אוֹב (ʼôwb, H178) and יִדְּעוֹנִי (yiddᵉʻônîy, H3049). The two nouns travel together as a fixed pair through a small set of texts: the prohibition of Leviticus 19:31 and 20:6, Saul's own purge and then his collapse at Endor in 1 Samuel 28:3, Isaiah's mockery of those who chirp and mutter in Isaiah 8:19, and Josiah's clearing of the land in 2 Kings 23:24. The Verifier confirms the shared pair in each. Cambridge notes that the witch of Endor was such a person and that the Septuagint renders the phrase here "he appointed ventriloquists"; the Pulpit cites Isaiah 8:19 for the sound of it. ⚙ The frame that results is a closed circuit: Saul banned them and died consulting one, Manasseh institutionalised them, Josiah swept them out again.
1 Samuel 28:3 · Leviticus 19:31 · Isaiah 8:19 · 2 Kings 23:24
basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H178 ʼôwb (in 16 vv) and H3049 yiddᵉʻônîy (in 11 vv) present as a pair in 1 Samuel 28:3, Leviticus 19:31, Isaiah 8:19 and 2 Kings 23:24. Both are rare and the fixed collocation is confined to these texts; no quotation is claimed, only a technical formula shared across them
וְכִשֵּׁף (kâshaph, H3784) occurs in six verses. Ellicott observes that the word does not appear in the parallel place in Kings, so the Chronicler has added it. Its other occurrences form a striking set: the sorcerers who matched Moses before Pharaoh (Exodus 7:11), the capital prohibition of Exodus 22:18, the Chaldean specialists summoned by Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 2:2), and Malachi 3:5, where the sorcerers head the list of those against whom the coming Lord will be a swift witness. The Verifier confirms the shared lexeme in each. ⚙ By adding this one verb the Chronicler places the king of Judah in the company of Egypt's magicians and Babylon's, and under the judgment Malachi announces.
Exodus 7:11 · Exodus 22:18 · Daniel 2:2 · Malachi 3:5
basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexeme H3784 kâshaph (in 6 vv) with Exodus 7:11, Exodus 22:18, Daniel 2:2 and Malachi 3:5; Malachi 3:5 also shares H4941 mishpâṭ (in 395 vv). The root's extreme rarity carries the link; the grouping of these texts as a set is my arrangement, not a quotation
The verbs and nouns of vv. 3 to 5, בָּנָה (bânâh, to build) and מִזְבֵּחַ (mizbêach, altar), recur six verses later at 2 Chronicles 33:15, where Manasseh takes away the foreign gods and the çemel from the house of YHWH and all the altars he had built, and casts them out of the city. The Verifier records the shared lexemes. ⚙ Both roots are common, so the link is not carried by rarity; it is carried by the Chronicler's deliberate reuse of his own indictment as the inventory of the repentance. This unit ends at v. 9 and does not include the reversal, which is why the reversal must be named rather than assumed: Barnes notes that the central part of this chapter, vv. 11 to 19, is almost entirely new matter not found in Kings, and Maclaren reports that its historical authenticity has been denied on precisely that ground, while declining to adjudicate.
2 Chronicles 33:15
basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H4196 mizbêach (in 338 vv) and H1129 bânâh (in 344 vv), both common, so the lexeme overlap alone carries nothing and the link would at best be structural. Flagged rather than confirmed because the provenance of the passage on the far side is itself disputed in the sources: Barnes records that 2 Chronicles 33:11-19 is almost entirely new matter absent from Kings, and Maclaren records that its historical authenticity has been denied on exactly that ground. Verify the source before leaning on this link
The Chronicler adds a place name Kings does not have: גֵּי בֶן־הִנֹּם, the valley of the son of Hinnom, where the children were passed through the fire. K&D and Ellicott both mark the addition as his own. The Pulpit connects it to Joshua 15:8 and 18:16 and to Solomon's high places for Molech at 1 Kings 11:7; Cambridge connects it to Jeremiah 7:31 to 32, where the same valley becomes the valley of slaughter. In the Gospels the Aramaic form of this place name, rendered in Greek as geenna, is the word on Jesus' lips for final destruction (Matthew 5:22; Mark 9:43). ⚙ The link is one of transmitted toponym and of moral geography, not of shared vocabulary in the sourced sense.
Jeremiah 7:31 · Joshua 15:8 · Matthew 5:22 · Mark 9:43
basis: Cross-Testament, therefore no shared Strong's number is possible: the Gospel texts are Greek and no Hebrew lexeme can be held in common. The basis is the transmission of one place name (Hebrew gê ben-hinnōm, Greek geenna) plus the shared motif of fire and child-slaughter recorded by Cambridge (Jeremiah 7:31 to 32) and the Pulpit (Joshua 15:8; 1 Kings 11:7). No quotation is claimed
Cambridge, commenting on v. 9, points to Jeremiah 15:4, where the captivity itself is referred back for its cause to the evil deeds of Manasseh. The Hebrew of v. 9 prepares that verdict in two strokes: the article falls from רָע, so the evil becomes a quantity available for comparison, and the verb of removal hardens from הוֹרִישׁ (v. 2, dispossessed) to הִשְׁמִיד (v. 9, exterminated). ⚙ A people who behave worse than the exterminated have written the sentence against themselves, and Jeremiah quotes it back. This link is recorded on the commentator's authority and on the internal escalation, not on a computed lexeme match.
Jeremiah 15:4
basis: No Verifier lexeme basis was computed for this pair; the recorded basis is Cambridge's own cross-reference at 2 Chronicles 33:9 together with the internal escalation from H3423 yârash (v. 2) to H8045 shâmad (v. 9). Thematic only, and deliberately not tiered verbal
AI-generated reading; weigh it against the text.
Twice this unit stops to quote God on the house: my Name shall be in Jerusalem forever (v. 4), I will set my Name here forever (v. 7). Ellicott notes that the Chronicler has heightened the wording of Kings from an act of setting to a state of being, and the Pulpit traces the promise to Deuteronomy 12:11 and 2 Chronicles 7:16. ⚙ The unit's whole force is that a promise of presence survives the desecration of the place it named. That is the logic the Gospels carry forward when Jesus says of His own body, destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up, which John glosses as spoken of the temple of His body (John 2:19 to 21), and when He says that something greater than the temple is here (Matthew 12:6). The reading that the Name dwelling in the house points beyond the house to the Word made flesh who tabernacled among us (John 1:14) is the ancient and widely-held Christian reading of Deuteronomic Name theology, and this chapter is its hardest test case: the house was not merely neglected, it was filled with a carved likeness by its own king, and the promise held.
John 2:19-21 · Matthew 12:6 · John 1:14 · 2 Chronicles 7:16
This unit stops at v. 9, with a king who has done evil more than the nations God exterminated. Henry, expounding the chapter as a whole, calls what follows a memorable instance of the riches of God's pardoning mercy and the power of His renewing grace, and asks who can complain that the way of heaven is blocked up, when he sees such a sinner enter. Maclaren calls the story a typical example, while honestly recording that its historical authenticity is denied on the ground that it appears only in Chronicles, and Barnes notes that vv. 11 to 19 are almost entirely new matter. ⚙ The New Testament makes the same argument with a different name in the slot: Paul calls himself the foremost of sinners and says he obtained mercy precisely so that in him Christ might display His perfect patience as a pattern for those who would believe (1 Timothy 1:15 to 16), and Romans 5:20 states the rule, that where sin increased, grace abounded all the more. The theological reading, that the worst case is chosen deliberately to fix the measure of mercy, is Henry's and is widely held; the particular pairing of Manasseh with 1 Timothy 1:16 is my own arrangement of it and is offered as such.
1 Timothy 1:15-16 · Romans 5:20
Verse 6 says Manasseh הֶעֱבִיר (caused to pass over) his sons in the fire in the ravine of Ben-Hinnom. The Pulpit will not let the euphemism stand: it amounted to nothing less than the sacrifice of the child in the fire. ⚙ Read against the canon, the act is an inversion at two points. Abraham was stopped, and a ram was provided in the son's place (Genesis 22:12 to 13), which is the Law's own verdict on what Manasseh did. And where a king of Judah spent his sons to buy the favour of gods who were not there, the God who forbade it did not spare His own Son but gave Him up for us all (Romans 8:32), in the one case where the giving was the giver's own cost and not another's. ⚙ I mark this reading novel rather than ancient: none of the commentators in this brief draws it, and it is a contrast typology of my own construction. It should be weighed accordingly, and the sourced facts it rests on, the Hiphil of ʻâbar, the location, and the prohibitions of Leviticus 18:21 and Deuteronomy 18:10, are what stand independent of it.
Genesis 22:12-13 · Romans 8:32 · Leviticus 18:21
The biblical text is the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain (CC0). Hebrew/Greek text, transliteration, morphology and Strong’s are transcribed from the Berean interlinear (CC0) + Strong’s lexicons (PD); the literal renderings, divergence notes, word notes and all synthesis are this tool’s own work (⚙) — fallible; verify them.
Named voices, quoted verbatim from public-domain works:
⚙ Honesty notes for this unit. Text. Verses 1 to 9 stand almost word for word as 2 Kings 21:1 to 9. Gill and Benson expressly decline to comment for that reason, JFB refers the reader to Kings, and K&D states that the section agrees almost verbally with the parallel. The differences K&D itemises are small and deliberate: plural Baals and Asherahs in v. 3 for singulars in Kings, plural sons in v. 6 for a singular son, the added verb kâshaph and the added place name Ben-Hinnom in v. 6, the heaped-up law words in v. 8, and peçel has·semel in v. 7 for Kings' peçel hā·ʼăshêrāh, which K&D calls the most important of them. Cambridge notes that v. 2 corresponds exactly between the two books. Ellicott judges that in v. 8 Kings preserves the original reading ("which I gave") against the Chronicler's "which I appointed," a text-critical judgment, not a fact of the manuscripts.
Words we cannot translate with confidence. The divination verbs of v. 6 are the weak point of every English version. Cambridge says outright that the precise meaning of ʻônçn is quite uncertain; the Pulpit catalogues all ten occurrences and still hedges; Ellicott offers "observed clouds" and "observed serpents" from etymology. The renderings in BSB ("sorcery, divination, and witchcraft") are conventional equivalents, not secure lexical results, and nothing in the synthesis above should be read as claiming otherwise. Likewise ʼôwb: Cambridge's ventriloquism explanation rests on the Septuagint's rendering here, and the verb governing it is ʻâsâh (to make, appoint), not a verb of consulting.
Disputed and reported opinions. Barnes's comparison of semel with the Greek Semele is reported by him as the view of others and has no support beyond a surface resemblance of sound. K&D's suggestion that the Chronicler took semel from Ezekiel 8:3 is a conjecture about literary direction. Thenius's proposal, relayed by Ellicott at v. 9, that the clause about leading Judah astray once followed immediately on the setting up of the image, is a nineteenth century source-critical reconstruction with no manuscript witness. Ellicott's Robertson Smith quotation at v. 6 is a historical thesis about Assyrian-era religion in Palestine, cited here because Ellicott cites it, not because this brief can verify it.
Scope. This unit stops at v. 9. Manasseh's captivity, prayer, repentance and reforms (vv. 11 to 19) lie outside it. Henry's and Maclaren's entries were written on the whole chapter and are quoted here with that noted, since their pastoral conclusions depend on material this unit does not contain. Maclaren records, without resolving, that the authenticity of the repentance narrative has been questioned because it appears only in Chronicles; Barnes independently notes that vv. 11 to 19 are almost entirely new matter. Poole has no text on any verse of this unit, and the Geneva entries are largely the 1599 verse text with a brief marginal gloss.
Machine layer. Every reading marked ⚙ is this tool's own and fallible. The ben pattern traced in the sola reading (son of twelve years, his sons, his son Solomon) is my observation and is noted by no commentator in this brief. The Son typology in the third christ entry is marked novel for the same reason. The thread on Jeremiah 15:4 carries no computed lexeme basis and rests on Cambridge's cross-reference; the Gehenna thread is cross-Testament and therefore cannot carry a verbal tier at all.
✦ = human, public-domain source, quoted and named. ⚙ = machine synthesis, to be verified. Flagged cross-references are left visible on purpose — the verifier working in the open. “Search the Scriptures daily, whether those things were so.” (Acts 17:11)