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2 Chronicles4:9–10

The Courts

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2 Chronicles 4:9–10 — The Courts. Each verse below carries the full apparatus: the Berean Standard Bible, the vocalized original (tap any word), and a parsed breakdown of every term transcribed from the interlinear. Synthesized commentary, canonical threads, and the reading of Christ gather at the end, over the whole unit.

9

He made the courtyard of the priests and the large court with its doors, and he overlaid the doors with bronze.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

way·ya·‘aś ḥă·ṣar hak·kō·hă·nîm hag·gə·ḏō·w·lāh wə·hā·‘ă·zā·rāh ū·ḏə·lā·ṯō·wṯ lā·‘ă·zā·rāh ṣip·pāh wə·ḏal·ṯō·w·ṯê·hem nə·ḥō·šeṯ

Word by word10 · parsed
וַיַּ֙עַשׂ֙way·ya·‘aśHe madeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConsecutive imperfectthird person masculine singular
ʻâsâh: to do or make Qal consecutive imperfect, the ordinary narrative verb that carries the whole inventory of chapter 4. Light here: the weight of the verse is in its nouns, not its verb.
חֲצַ֣רḥă·ṣarthe courtyardH2691
√ châtsêr — a yard (as inclosed by a fence)Nouncommon singular construct
châtsêr: a yard as inclosed by a fence The classical word for a temple court, parsed here as a common singular construct bound to "the priests." Ellicott identifies this with "the inner court" of 1 Kings 6:36 and 1 Kings 7:12 and "the higher court" of Jeremiah 36:10. It occurs in 163 verses by the Verifier's count, which is why nothing lexically remarkable happens until the next noun.
הַכֹּהֲנִ֔יםhak·kō·hă·nîmof the priestsH3548
√ kôhên — literally one officiating, a priestArticleNounmasculine plural
kôhên: one officiating, a priest The genitive that defines the inner enclosure by who is allowed to stand in it. The whole architecture of this verse is graded access: a court named for the priests, an outer enclosure named by a different word, and doors between them.
הַגְּדוֹלָ֑הhag·gə·ḏō·w·lāhand the largeH1419
√ gâdôwl — great (in any sense)ArticleAdjectivefeminine singular
gâdôwl: great in any sense A feminine singular adjective whose noun is contested (see the divergence). Cambridge's reading is that the Chronicler distinguishes the "court (ḥâçer) of the priests" from a court called the "great Azârâh," and suggests, with an explicit "Perhaps," that the same distinction is at work at 2 Chronicles 6:13. The hedge is Cambridge's own and we keep it.
וְהָעֲזָרָ֖הwə·hā·‘ă·zā·rāhcourtH5835
√ ʻăzârâh — an inclosureConjunctive waw, ArticleNounfeminine singular
ʻăzârâh: an inclosure The theological and lexical pivot of the unit. By the Verifier's count the word stands in only six verses of the canon, and every other verse the Verifier surfaces for it is either 2 Chronicles 6:13 or Ezekiel's altar vision (Ezekiel 43:14, 43:17, 43:20, 45:19), which accounts for all six. Ellicott calls it a late word common in the Targums; Pulpit derives it from a root meaning "to gird" or "surround," so the noun names a thing by the fact that it fences something off. ⚙ Our reading: the Chronicler reaches for a rare, late, surrounding word precisely where he has to speak of the boundary the ordinary word could not mark.
וּדְלָת֧וֹתū·ḏə·lā·ṯō·wṯwith its doorsH1817
√ deleth — something swinging, iConjunctive wawNounfeminine plural
deleth: something swinging Not a gateway but a leaf that moves: the lexicon defines the noun by its hinge. A door is the one part of an enclosure that is designed to open, which is why plating it matters.
לָעֲזָרָ֛הlā·‘ă·zā·rāh. . .H5835
√ ʻăzârâh — an inclosurePreposition-l, ArticleNounfeminine singular
ʻăzârâh: an inclosure The second occurrence in one verse, unglossed in the interlinear. K&D's honest summary stands: "The two courts are not further described," and the only thing said of the great court is that it had doors.
צִפָּ֥הṣip·pāhand he overlaidH6823
√ tsâphâh — to sheet over (especially with metal)VerbPielPerfectthird person masculine singular
tsâphâh: to sheet over (especially with metal) Piel perfect: intensive, resultative metalwork, and the last act reported of the courts. Ellicott sends the reader back to his own note on 2 Chronicles 4:3 "for this plating of the doors with bronze," tying the boundary's hardware to the bronze furniture inside it; we have not checked whether the same verb stands at 4:3, only that Ellicott treats the two as one operation.
וְדַלְתוֹתֵיהֶ֖םwə·ḏal·ṯō·w·ṯê·hemthe doorsH1817
√ deleth — something swinging, iConjunctive wawNounfeminine plural constructthird person masculine plural
deleth: something swinging With a third person masculine plural suffix, "their doors." The plural antecedent is the crux: courts, or leaves. K&D takes the leaves, Geneva keeps the ambiguity, BSB removes it.
נְחֹֽשֶׁת׃nə·ḥō·šeṯwith bronzeH5178
√ nᵉchôsheth — copper, hence, something made of that metal, iNounfeminine singular
nᵉchôsheth: copper, or something made of it Bronze, not gold. Inside the house the metal is gold; at the boundary and on the altar it is bronze, the metal that takes fire and traffic. ⚙ The grading of metals tracks the grading of access: the closer to the Presence, the costlier the covering.
10

He put the Sea on the south side, at the southeast corner.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·’eṯ- nā·ṯan hay·yām hay·mā·nîṯ mik·ke·ṯep̄ qê·ḏə·māh mim·mūl neḡ·bāh

Word by word8 · parsed
וְאֶת־wə·’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Conjunctive wawDirect object marker
ʼêth: object marker Untranslatable, but not weightless: with the waw it fronts the Sea and marks this verse as a note appended to the inventory.
נָתַ֞ןnā·ṯanHe putH5414
√ nâthan — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etcVerbQalPerfectthird person masculine singular
nâthan: to give, put, make Qal perfect, not the consecutive imperfect of 4:9. ⚙ The shift from narrative wayyaʻaś ("and he made") to a plain perfect with a fronted object is the grammatical shape of a parenthesis, which supports K&D's judgment that 4:10 is supplementary and coincides with 1 Kings 7:39.
הַיָּ֗םhay·yāmthe SeaH3220
√ yâm — a sea (as breaking in noisy surf) or large body of waterArticleNounmasculine singular
yâm: a sea, or large body of water The lexicon's sense is "a sea as breaking in noisy surf." The great bronze basin of 2 Chronicles 4:2-5 is called by the word for the ocean, not the word for a bowl. Cambridge simply points back to those verses. Its function is washing before approach, as with the bronze basin of Exodus 30:18, 19; its name is the deep.
הַיְמָנִ֛יתhay·mā·nîṯon the southH3233
√ yᵉmânîy — right (iArticleAdjectivefeminine singular
yᵉmânîy: right A relatively rare adjective (17 verses by the Verifier's count), and its other homes are telling: the right ear, thumb and toe touched with blood at the consecration of priests and the cleansing of the leper (Leviticus 8:23, 14:14), and the right side of the temple from which Ezekiel's water flows (Ezekiel 47:1, 2). ⚙ In this small lexical world "right" is where cleansing is applied.
מִכֶּ֧תֶףmik·ke·ṯep̄sideH3802
√ kâthêph — the shoulder (proper, iPreposition-mNounfeminine singular construct
kâthêph: the shoulder The house is measured as a body. Ellicott renders it literally, "on the right shoulder," and the same word fixes the position in the parallel at 1 Kings 7:39, where the Verifier records it shared along with qedem and mûwl.
קֵ֖דְמָהqê·ḏə·māhat the southeast cornerH6924
√ qedem — the front, of place (absolutely, the fore part, relatively the East) or time (antiquity)Adverbthird person feminine singular
qedem: the front, the fore part, the East The one Hebrew word that holds both east and antiquity. Here it is spatial and adverbial, but the doubled sense is why the east side of a sanctuary is never merely a compass bearing in the Old Testament.
מִמּ֥וּלmim·mūl. . .H4136
√ mûwl — properly, abrupt, iPreposition-m
mûwl: properly abrupt, over against A function word, glossed ". . ." in the interlinear: "in front of."
נֶֽגְבָּה׃neḡ·bāh. . .H5045
√ negeb — the south (from its drought)Nounmasculine singularthird person feminine singular
negeb: the south, from its drought The direction named after dryness. ⚙ There is a quiet irony the Hebrew cannot help making and BSB's "southeast corner" cannot keep: the sea of water is set toward the parched quarter.

The verse-by-verse work is done. What follows gathers the whole unit. All three layers below are machine-generated (⚙). Weigh them; they have no authority.

⚙

Grand Commentary — the unit, read whole

synthesis · verify

AI synthesis — woven from the public-domain voices above and the original text; generated and fallible.

i. Two courts, and a word that arrives late — 4:9

The difficulty is stated most plainly by Cambridge, which doubts "whether Solomon's Temple, strictly speaking, had more than one court," since in 1 Kings 7:8 "the other court" is where Solomon's house stood. Cambridge's solution is lexical: here the "court (ḥâçer) of the priests" is distinguished from a court called the "great Azârâh." Ellicott says the same from the other end, that עֲזָרָה is "a late word, common in the Targums" for the classical ḥāṣēr, that it names the outer court, and that "It is not mentioned at all in the parallel narrative." Pulpit adds the observation that carries the most weight for us: the word used here, and again at 2 Chronicles 6:13, "is not the familiar word" of all previous similar occasions, and its verb root elementally means to gird or surround. The Verifier confirms the rarity from the other side: ʻăzârâh stands in only six verses, and the only company it keeps outside 2 Chronicles is Ezekiel's altar vision. K&D declines to build anything on it at all: "The two courts are not further described." ⚙ We follow K&D on the architecture and Pulpit on the word. What the Chronicler has given us is not a floor plan but a vocabulary shift at a boundary.

ii. Doors sheeted with bronze — 4:9

Having named two enclosures he will not describe, the Chronicler spends his last three words on hardware. צִפָּה is Piel of tsâphâh, which the lexicon defines as "to sheet over (especially with metal)," and the object is וְדַלְתוֹתֵיהֶם, "their doors," a noun the lexicon defines by its hinge ("something swinging"). K&D reads the plural as the folds or leaves of the doors, overlaid with copper; Geneva's rendering keeps the suffix ("the doors of them"). Pulpit judges that the courts are mentioned here at all "probably accounted for by the desire to speak in this connection of their doors and the brass overlaying of them." Ellicott gives the archaeology: the bronze plated doors of Shalmaneser's palace at Balawat "were twenty-two feet high, and each leaf was six feet wide." ⚙ So the one architectural fact the Chronicler insists on is the fact about the opening. The metal is bronze, not the gold of the interior: the covering at the boundary is the metal that takes fire and traffic. He is not describing a wall, he is describing a way in, and how much it cost to armor it.

iii. The Sea at the right shoulder — 4:10

4:10 changes grammatical gear. Where 4:9 ran on the narrative wayyaʻaś, this verse opens with וְאֶת־, waw plus the object marker, and its verb is a plain perfect nâthan. K&D reads the verse accordingly as "a supplementary statement as to the position of the brazen sea, which coincides with 1 Kings 7:39." Ellicott gives the literal bearing, "And he set the sea on the right shoulder, eastward, in front of the southward," that is, on the south-east side of the house, and notes that the LXX and some manuscripts add "of the house," which "appears to have fallen out of the text." Pulpit supplies the orientation that makes "right" mean "south": the entrance was east, but bearings were counted from a person standing with his back to the temple, "as though he were, in fact, going out, not entering in, the sacred enclosure." Pulpit also places the Sea "in the place of the tabernacle laver of old, between altar of brass and porch," an inference from 1 Kings 7:39 and Exodus 30:18 rather than from this verse, which gives only bearings. ⚙ Read with 4:9, the two verses form one thought about approach: a fenced enclosure with armored doors, and immediately inside it the water. The boundary and the washing are reported together.

Read under Sola Scriptura — this tool’s own fallible reading (⚙)

⚙ This is the tool's own fallible reading, offered to be tested. These two verses are the least devotional sentences in the chapter, and that is what makes them worth reading slowly. Every other verse of 2 Chronicles 4 inventories something that stands inside the house. These two describe the edge of it: an enclosure the Chronicler names with a rare, late word whose root, on Pulpit's derivation, means to gird or surround; doors that swing; bronze sheeted over the doors; and then, first thing past them, a sea of water. Nothing here is about the Presence. Everything here is about getting to it, and about the fact that getting to it was fenced, hinged, plated and washed. Cambridge is right that we cannot reconstruct the courts, and K&D is right that the text does not try. What the text does is grade: bronze at the boundary and gold within, a court named by its priests and an enclosure named by its fence, and water set at the right shoulder where, in the only other places this rare adjective lives, blood is put on a priest's right ear and thumb and toe (Leviticus 8:23) and water flows from the temple's right side (Ezekiel 47:1). ⚙ Our reading is that the architecture is an argument: holiness is not distance but sequence, and the sequence has a door in it. The reader who finds that cold should notice that the sequence ends, in Revelation 21:22, with no temple at all, because the Lamb is the temple, and so with no door left to plate. The line printed beside this unit is our own sentence, not Scripture.

Bronze on the doors is the price of a way in, not the ornament of one.

⚙

Canonical Threads — out to the whole of Scripture

cross-refs · verify

AI-generated connections. Each carries a verification badge with a recorded basis; contested links are flagged.

The rare word returns when Solomon kneels verbal / quotation: confirmed

The Chronicler uses עֲזָרָה (ʻăzârâh, H5835) twice in 4:9 and then once more at 2 Chronicles 6:13, where Solomon stands on a bronze platform "in the middle of the courtyard" and kneels before the whole assembly. Cambridge makes the connection explicitly, suggesting "the Chronicler wishes to make the same distinction when he says that Solomon's great prayer was offered ( 2 Chronicles 6:13 ) in 'the court' (Heb. Azârâh )." Pulpit independently notes that 4:9 and 6:13 are the two places where this unfamiliar word replaces châtsêr. ⚙ If both are right, the outer enclosure built in 4:9 is the room the dedication prayer is prayed in: the fence goes up, and then the king kneels inside it with the people, on bronze, the same metal as the doors.

2 Chronicles 6:13

basis: Verifier: shared rare Hebrew lexeme H5835 ʻăzârâh (in 6 vv), plus H5178 nᵉchôsheth (in 119 vv). Same author, same book, same unusual word choice; Cambridge and Pulpit both record the link independently.

The same word, a different thing: Ezekiel's altar ledge structural / thematic: confirmed

Outside 2 Chronicles, every verse the Verifier surfaces for ʻăzârâh belongs to Ezekiel's temple vision, and there the word does not mean a court at all: it is the ledge of the altar (Ezekiel 43:14, 43:17, 43:20) whose four corners are daubed with blood from the sin offering (Ezekiel 45:19). Pulpit flags precisely this, that the word occurs "several times in Ezekiel, though not in exactly the same sense." ⚙ We therefore decline a verbal tier here despite the rarity: what the two passages share is a word for a girded, bounded surface, applied once to the space around the house and once to the shelf around the altar. If Pulpit's root sense (to gird, to surround) is right, both uses are the same idea sized differently, and the motif that binds them is bounded holiness with blood or bronze at its edge.

Ezekiel 43:14 · Ezekiel 43:17 · Ezekiel 43:20 · Ezekiel 45:19

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexeme H5835 ʻăzârâh (in 6 vv), rare enough to justify a verbal claim, but Pulpit records that Ezekiel does not use it in the same sense (court versus altar ledge), so we record a shared motif and no quotation claim.

The Sea on the right shoulder: the Kings parallel verbal / quotation: confirmed

1 Kings 7:39 ends "he put the Sea on the south side, at the southeast corner of the temple," which is 2 Chronicles 4:10 almost word for word in English and shares three lexemes in Hebrew. K&D states the relation flatly, that 4:10 "coincides with 1 Kings 7:39"; Ellicott cites the same verse for the south-east placement and reports that the LXX and some manuscripts add "of the house" here, a phrase 1 Kings 7:39 has and which "appears to have fallen out of the text" in Chronicles. ⚙ This is the strongest textual foothold in the unit: where the Chronicler is otherwise supplementing Kings, 4:10 is him repeating it, and the shorter reading is what makes the LXX plus.

1 Kings 7:39

basis: Verifier: three shared Hebrew lexemes, H3802 kâthêph (in 58 vv), H6924 qedem (in 83 vv), H4136 mûwl (in 34 vv), co-occurring in one short clause that is otherwise identical. None of the three lexemes is rare on its own, so the verbal tier rests not on rarity but on the synoptic relation itself: K&D says 4:10 "coincides with 1 Kings 7:39," and Ellicott cites the same verse for the placement and for the phrase "of the house" missing here.

Water at the right side of the house structural / thematic: confirmed

2 Chronicles 4:10 sets the bronze Sea off the temple's right shoulder, toward the south. Ezekiel 47:1, 2 puts water at the same place and makes it move: "The water was coming down from under the south side of the temple, south of the altar," and the prophet is led out to see "the water trickling out from the south side." Both passages use kâthêph (shoulder, side), yᵉmânîy (right) and negeb (south), and yᵉmânîy is uncommon, standing in seventeen verses. ⚙ We claim no quotation and no dependence. What we record is a repeated architectural instinct: the water belongs at the right shoulder of the house, and in Ezekiel what Solomon had to cast in bronze and fill by hand has become a river that runs on its own and heals what it reaches (Ezekiel 47:12).

Ezekiel 47:1 · Ezekiel 47:2

basis: Verifier: shared Hebrew lexemes H3802 kâthêph (in 58 vv), H3233 yᵉmânîy (in 17 vv), H5045 negeb (in 98 vv). A real verbal overlap inside a shared motif of water on the temple's right side; no quotation is claimed in either direction.

Solomon's porch: a traditional identification we cannot verify flagged: verify source

Geneva's marginal note on 4:9 identifies the great court directly with the New Testament: it is "Called also the porch of Solomon, Ac 3:11. It is also taken for the temple where Christ preached, Mt 21:23." Acts 3:11 does name "the walkway called Solomon's Colonnade," and Matthew 21:23 has Jesus teaching in "the temple courts." ⚙ But the colonnade of Acts stood in the temple of Herod's rebuilding, centuries after the enclosure of 4:9, and the name is a traditional attribution rather than a demonstrated continuity of structure. No commentator in this unit's sources argues the identification; Geneva asserts it. We keep the link because it is an old and instructive reading, and we flag it because the architectural claim behind it is not verifiable from either text. It is also a cross-Testament link, so it could not carry a verbal tier in any case.

Acts 3:11 · Matthew 21:23

basis: Geneva's gloss on 4:9 asserts the identification with Solomon's Colonnade (Acts 3:11) and the temple courts of Matthew 21:23. Cross-Testament, so no shared Strong's basis is possible; the underlying claim of structural continuity between Solomon's ʻăzârâh and the Herodian portico is contested and unsupported by the other sources here.

⚙Christ in the Unittypology · verify

AI-generated reading; weigh it against the text.

The plated door and the way in ancient/widely-held

Matthew Henry reads the whole chapter this way and says so at the start of it: both without doors and within, there was that which typified the grace of the gospel and shadowed out good things to come, "of which the substance is Christ." Applied to 4:9 the reading is precise rather than general. The verse is about an enclosure, a leaf that swings, and bronze sheeted over it: the machinery of controlled access. Hebrews argues from exactly this machinery, that we now have "confidence to enter the Most Holy Place by the blood of Jesus, by the new and living way opened for us through the curtain of His body" (Hebrews 10:19, 20), and that Christ as high priest "went through the greater and more perfect tabernacle that is not made by hands" (Hebrews 9:11). Jesus takes the architectural noun onto himself: "I am the gate. If anyone enters through Me, he will be saved" (John 10:9), and "Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up again," of which John says plainly that "Jesus was speaking about the temple of His body" (John 2:19, 21). ⚙ The doors of the ʻazarah are therefore not an incidental detail: they are the question the gospel answers. The apostolic reading of the temple as figure fulfilled in Christ is the ancient and widely held one, and Henry states it for this chapter in so many words; the narrowing of it onto the doors of 4:9 is ours.

Hebrews 10:19-20 · Hebrews 9:11 · John 10:9 · John 2:19-21

The sea at the right shoulder, and the washing that moved novel

Pulpit places the Sea "in the place of the tabernacle laver of old, between altar of brass and porch," which is the bronze basin of Exodus 30:18, 19, set between the Tent of Meeting and the altar so that Aaron and his sons could wash before they served. Henry's verdict on the chapter is that the enlarged furniture "showed that God's church would be enlarged, and his worshippers multiplied." ⚙ Our reading follows the rare adjective. yᵉmânîy (right) stands in only seventeen verses, and in them the right side is where cleansing is applied: blood on the right ear, thumb and toe of the consecrated priest and of the cleansed leper (Leviticus 8:23, Leviticus 14:14), and water from the right and southern side of the house in Ezekiel 47:1. Set in that company, Solomon's Sea at the right shoulder is a standing basin of water that men must come to; Ezekiel's is a river that comes to men and heals them (Ezekiel 47:12); and the New Testament names the thing itself, "the washing of new birth and renewal by the Holy Spirit" (Titus 3:5), while Hebrews 9:10 files the old "special washings" as "external regulations imposed until the time of reform." ⚙ We mark the trajectory from basin to river to Spirit as our own construction. The laver as a figure of cleansing in Christ is old and common; the reading that builds it on the distribution of yᵉmânîy is novel and should be tested as such.

Exodus 30:18-19 · Leviticus 8:23 · Ezekiel 47:1 · Titus 3:5 · Hebrews 9:10

An enclosure that ends novel

⚙ 4:9 is, in the end, a verse about a fence with a door in it, and the Chronicler tells us what the door cost to plate. The New Testament's last word on temple architecture is that the fence comes down and the building goes away: Christ "has made the two one and has torn down the dividing wall of hostility" (Ephesians 2:14), and in the city John sees "no temple in the city, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple" (Revelation 21:22). Henry's note on this chapter already points that direction when he says the furniture "showed that God's church would be enlarged, and his worshippers multiplied." ⚙ Our reading: the bronze on these doors is a measure of how serious the barrier was, and therefore of how much was undone when it was removed. The reading that the temple courts are abolished in Christ is the common apostolic one; the specific move from the plated doors of 4:9 to the torn down wall of Ephesians 2:14 is our own and is offered as figural, not as a verbal link.

Ephesians 2:14 · Revelation 21:22

Apparatus & Provenance

The biblical text is the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain (CC0). Hebrew/Greek text, transliteration, morphology and Strong’s are transcribed from the Berean interlinear (CC0) + Strong’s lexicons (PD); the literal renderings, divergence notes, word notes and all synthesis are this tool’s own work (⚙) — fallible; verify them.

Named voices, quoted verbatim from public-domain works:

  • Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, — (1880s)
  • Charles Ellicott, Commentary for English Readers (1878)
  • Geneva Study Bible, Marginal Notes (1599)
  • Keil & Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament (1860s)
  • Matthew Henry, Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible (1706)
  • The Pulpit Commentary, Spence & Exell, eds. (1880s)

Text. The unit is two verses of Hebrew narrative, 2 Chronicles 4:9 and 4:10, with ten and eight interlinear words respectively. Three of those words (4:9 word 6, 4:10 words 6 and 7) carry no English gloss in the sourced interlinear, and our notes on them are readings of the lexicon entry, not translations from the brief.

Word order. The sourced interlinear sequences some words to the English gloss rather than to the Masoretic order, so we have not built word order arguments on the index sequence except where the verse's own opening secures it: 4:10 begins with waw plus the object marker, and that is the only word order claim we make.

Sources used and not used. Ellicott, Cambridge, Pulpit, K&D, Geneva and Henry speak to these verses. Poole has no text on either verse, and Gill's entry is only a pointer ("See Introduction to Chapter 4"), so neither is quoted. The Barnes and JFB entries carried in the brief for 4:9 and 4:10 comment on the tables, basins and ten candlesticks of other verses in chapter 4, not on the courts or the Sea, so they are not used as voices here. Henry's entry is one block on 4:1-22, filed under both verses; his sentences are therefore verdicts on the chapter, and we have said so where we quote him.

What is uncertain. How many courts Solomon's temple had. Cambridge doubts there was more than one and cannot resolve the Chronicler's two; K&D declines to describe them; Pulpit leaves open whether the "three rows of hewed stones and one row of cedar beams" of 1 Kings 6:36 describe a fence or a raised floor. We follow their reticence and make no reconstruction. Pulpit's derivation of ʻăzârâh from a root meaning "to gird" or "surround" is his, and the lexicon here glosses the noun only as "an inclosure"; we use the derivation as a reading and flag it in the voice note. The LXX and Vulgate readings of "the great court" and "the great basilica," the Syriac's one court "for the priests and Levites," and the LXX plus "of the house" at 4:10 are all reported on Ellicott's authority and have not been checked against the versions themselves.

Cross references. Thread bases are the Verifier's computed shared lexemes with their frequencies, quoted in each badge. The Geneva identification of the great court with Solomon's Colonnade of Acts 3:11 is flagged: it is a traditional attribution across a gap of centuries and a rebuilt temple, and no other source in this unit supports it. Two of the three Christ readings are marked novel because they rest on our own construction from the distribution of yᵉmânîy and on a figural move from plated doors to a torn down wall, not on any commentator in these sources.

✦ = human, public-domain source, quoted and named. ⚙ = machine synthesis, to be verified. Flagged cross-references are left visible on purpose — the verifier working in the open. “Search the Scriptures daily, whether those things were so.” (Acts 17:11)