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Deuteronomy23:15–25

Miscellaneous Laws

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Deuteronomy 23:15–25 — Miscellaneous Laws. Each verse below carries the full apparatus: the Berean Standard Bible, the vocalized original (tap any word), and a parsed breakdown of every term transcribed from the interlinear. Synthesized commentary, canonical threads, and the reading of Christ gather at the end, over the whole unit.

15

Do not return a slave to his master if he has taken refuge with you.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

lō- ṯas·gîr ‘e·ḇeḏ ’el- ’ă·ḏō·nāw ’ă·šer- yin·nā·ṣêl mê·‘im ’ă·ḏō·nāw ’ê·le·ḵā

Word by word10 · parsed
לֹא־lō-Do notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
תַסְגִּ֥ירṯas·gîrreturnH5462
√ çâgar — to shut upVerbHifilImperfectsecond person masculine singular
ṯasgîr, Hifil of çâgar (“to shut up”) — the causative “cause to be shut in / deliver up.” The same verb is used of bolting a door; here it is the bolting of a man back into bondage, the very thing forbidden.
עֶ֖בֶד‘e·ḇeḏa slaveH5650
√ ʻebed — a servantNounmasculine singular
ʻeḇeḏ, “slave/servant.” The commentators are nearly unanimous (Barnes, JFB, Keil, Poole, the Geneva Bible) that this is a foreign slave fled from a heathen master into Israel — not an Israelite's runaway, which v. 16's “he shall dwell with thee” would make incoherent.
אֶל־’el-toH413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongPreposition
אֲדֹנָ֑יו’ă·ḏō·nāwhis masterH113
√ ʼâdôwn — sovereign, iNounmasculine plural constructthird person masculine singular
ʼăḏōnāw, “his master,” written with the plural-of-majesty ending peculiar to the Pentateuch for a single human lord. Keil: “the plural adoniym denotes the rule,” i.e. authority, not multiple owners.
אֲשֶׁר־’ă·šer-H834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
יִנָּצֵ֥לyin·nā·ṣêlif he has taken refugeH5337
√ nâtsal — to snatch away, whether in a good or a bad senseVerbNifalImperfectthird person masculine singular
yinnāṣêl, Nifal of nâtsal, “to deliver / snatch away.” The reflexive sense — he has rescued himself — is the textual ground for the whole tradition (Gill, Poole, Benson) that the law covers the oppressed fugitive who fled cruelty, not the thief escaping justice.
מֵעִ֥םmê·‘im. . .H5973
√ ʻim — adverb or preposition, with (iPreposition-m
אֲדֹנָֽיו׃’ă·ḏō·nāw. . .H113
√ ʼâdôwn — sovereign, iNounmasculine plural constructthird person masculine singular
אֵלֶ֖יךָ’ê·le·ḵāwith youH413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongPrepositionsecond person masculine singular
16

Let him live among you wherever he chooses, in the town of his pleasing. Do not oppress him.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

‘im·mə·ḵā yê·šêḇ bə·qir·bə·ḵā bam·mā·qō·wm ’ă·šer- yiḇ·ḥar bə·’a·ḥaḏ šə·‘ā·re·ḵā baṭ·ṭō·wḇ lōw lō tō·w·nen·nū

Word by word12 · parsed
עִמְּךָ֞‘im·mə·ḵāH5973
√ ʻim — adverb or preposition, with (iPrepositionsecond person masculine singular
יֵשֵׁ֣בyê·šêḇLet him liveH3427
√ yâshab — properly, to sit down (specifically as judgeVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
yêšêḇ, Qal of yâshab, “he shall dwell/settle.” Gill: this confirms a stranger is in view, “since this law provides for his dwelling among the Israelites” — an Israelite's servant already lived among them.
בְּקִרְבְּךָ֗bə·qir·bə·ḵāamong youH7130
√ qereb — properly, the nearest part, iPreposition-bNounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
בַּמָּק֧וֹםbam·mā·qō·wmwhereverH4725
√ mâqôwm — properly, a standing, iPreposition-b, ArticleNounmasculine singular
אֲשֶׁר־’ă·šer-H834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
יִבְחַ֛רyiḇ·ḥarhe choosesH977
√ bâchar — properly, to try, iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
בְּאַחַ֥דbə·’a·ḥaḏinH259
√ ʼechâd — properly, united, iPreposition-bNumbermasculine singular construct
bəʼaḥaḏ, “in one [of].” The freedom of choice is the point: the refugee, not the host or the magistrate, picks where he lives — an extraordinary dignity granted to a man who arrived with nothing.
שְׁעָרֶ֖יךָšə·‘ā·re·ḵāthe townH8179
√ shaʻar — an opening, iNounmasculine plural constructsecond person masculine singular
šəʻāreḵā, “your gates” — the gate as synecdoche for the town. The protection is nationwide: any settlement in the land is open to him.
בַּטּ֣וֹבbaṭ·ṭō·wḇof his pleasingH2896
√ ṭôwb — good (as an adjective) in the widest sensePreposition-b, ArticleAdjectivemasculine singular
ל֑וֹlōw. . .
Prepositionthird person masculine singular
לֹ֖אDo notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
תּוֹנֶֽנּוּ׃סtō·w·nen·nūoppress himH3238
√ yânâh — to rage or be violentVerbHifilImperfectsecond person masculine singularthird person masculine singular
tôwnennû, Hifil of yânâh (“to oppress, wrong”). The prohibition guards the freed man's new life from a second tyranny — that of his rescuers. Poole: do not take “advantage from his low and afflicted condition to be unreasonable or injurious to him.”
17

No daughter or son of Israel is to be a shrine prostitute.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

lō- mib·bə·nō·wṯ wə·lō- yiś·rå̄·ʾēl mib·bə·nê yiś·rā·’êl yih·yeh ṯih·yeh qə·ḏê·šāh qā·ḏêš

Word by word10 · parsed
לֹא־lō-NoH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
מִבְּנ֣וֹתmib·bə·nō·wṯdaughterH1323
√ bath — a daughter (used in the same wide sense as other terms of relationship, literally and figuratively)Preposition-mNounfeminine plural construct
וְלֹֽא־wə·lō-orH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absConjunctive wawAdverbNegative particle
יִשְׂרָאֵל׃yiś·rå̄·ʾēlH3478
√ Yisrâʼêl — Jisrael, a symbolical name of JacobNounpropermasculine singular
מִבְּנֵ֥יmib·bə·nêsonH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcPreposition-mNounmasculine plural construct
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑לyiś·rā·’êlof IsraelH3478
√ Yisrâʼêl — Jisrael, a symbolical name of JacobNounpropermasculine singular
יִהְיֶ֥הyih·yehH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
תִהְיֶ֥הṯih·yehis to beH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iVerbQalImperfectthird person feminine singular
קְדֵשָׁ֖הqə·ḏê·šāh. . .H6948
√ qᵉdêshâh — a female devotee (iAdjectivefeminine singular
qəḏêšāh, the female cult-prostitute — a “devotee” consecrated to a deity by sexual service. This is the same word used of Tamar's disguise in Genesis 38:21, the rare lexeme that ties this verse to that narrative and to Hosea 4:14's indictment of the cult.
קָדֵ֖שׁqā·ḏêša shrine prostituteH6945
√ qâdêsh — a (quasi) sacred person, iAdjectivemasculine singular
qāḏêš, the male cult-prostitute. Both terms are religious, not merely moral: the sin condemned is prostitution as an act of worship. Benson: “the original words... import a man or woman consecrated to some deity, who served their gods by prostitution.”
18

You must not bring the wages of a prostitute, whether female or male, into the house of the LORD your God to fulfill any vow, because both are detestable to the LORD your God.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

lō- ṯā·ḇî ’eṯ·nan zō·w·nāh ke·leḇ ū·mə·ḥîr bêṯ Yah·weh ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵā lə·ḵāl ne·ḏer kî šə·nê·hem ṯō·w·‘ă·ḇaṯ Yah·weh ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵā gam-

Word by word17 · parsed
לֹא־lō-You must notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
תָבִיא֩ṯā·ḇîbringH935
√ bôwʼ — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)VerbHifilImperfectsecond person masculine singular
אֶתְנַ֨ן’eṯ·nanthe wagesH868
√ ʼethnan — a gift (as the price of harlotry or idolatry)Nounmasculine singular construct
ʼeṯnan, “the hire” — a technical term for prostitute's pay, later wielded by the prophets (Micah 1:7; Hosea 9:1) for Israel's idolatrous “earnings.” To carry such money into the LORD's house, even to pay a vow, was to honor God with the wages of sin.
זוֹנָ֜הzō·w·nāhof a prostitute, whether femaleH2181
√ zânâh — to commit adultery (usually of the female, and less often of simple fornication, rarely of involuntary ravishment)Nounfeminine singular
כֶּ֗לֶבke·leḇor maleH3611
√ keleb — a dogNounmasculine singular
keleḇ, “dog” — read figuratively by most older commentators (Keil, Barnes, Benson) as the male prostitute of v. 17, called a dog for his uncleanness; cf. the “dogs” shut outside the city in Revelation 22:15, to which Keil and Ellicott both appeal.
וּמְחִ֣ירū·mə·ḥîrH4242
√ mᵉchîyr — price, payment, wagesConjunctive wawNounmasculine singular construct
בֵּ֛יתbêṯinto the houseH1004
√ bayith — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etcNounmasculine singular construct
יְהוָ֥הYah·wehof the LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵāyour GodH430
√ ʼĕlôhîym — gods in the ordinary senseNounmasculine plural constructsecond person masculine singular
לְכָל־lə·ḵālto fulfill anyH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholePreposition-lNounmasculine singular construct
נֶ֑דֶרne·ḏervowH5088
√ neder — a promise (to God)Nounmasculine singular
כִּ֧יbecauseH3588
√ kîy — (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below)Conjunction
שְׁנֵיהֶֽם׃šə·nê·hembothH8147
√ shᵉnayim — twoNumbermasculine dual constructthird person masculine plural
תוֹעֲבַ֛תṯō·w·‘ă·ḇaṯare detestableH8441
√ tôwʻêbah — properly, something disgusting (morally), iNounfeminine singular construct
tôwʻăḇaṯ, construct of tôwʻêbah, “abomination.” The ground (, “for”) is not the dishonest gain but the persons and acts themselves: prostitution-as-worship is intrinsically loathsome to YHWH, so its profits can never sanctify a vow.
יְהוָ֥הYah·wehto the LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵāyour GodH430
√ ʼĕlôhîym — gods in the ordinary senseNounmasculine plural constructsecond person masculine singular
גַּם־gam-. . .H1571
√ gam — properly, assemblageConjunction
gam, “even / both” — the emphatic particle underscoring that both hire and price stand condemned together. The Geneva Bible's gloss is the principle in one line: nothing “gained from evil things should be applied to the service of God.”
19

Do not charge your brother interest on money, food, or any other type of loan.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

lō- ṯaš·šîḵ lə·’ā·ḥî·ḵā ne·šeḵ ke·sep̄ ne·šeḵ ’ō·ḵel ne·šeḵ kāl- dā·ḇār ’ă·šer yiš·šāḵ

Word by word12 · parsed
לֹא־lō-Do notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
תַשִּׁ֣יךְṯaš·šîḵchargeH5391
√ nâshak — to strike with a sting (as a serpent)VerbHifilImperfectsecond person masculine singular
ṯaššîḵ, Hifil of nâshak (“to bite, as a serpent”) — the causative “make [it] bite.” Hebrew names interest by its effect on the borrower: it sinks teeth into him. The brother (ʼāḥ) is the limiting term — a fellow Israelite, the one you may not bite.
לְאָחִ֔יךָlə·’ā·ḥî·ḵāyour brotherH251
√ ʼâch — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance (like father))Preposition-lNounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
נֶ֥שֶׁךְne·šeḵinterestH5392
√ neshek — interest on a debtNounmasculine singular construct
nešeḵ, “interest,” lit. “a bite” — repeated three times (silver, food, anything) to forbid every form. Ellicott reads the law in context: it targets loans to “a poor man in real distress,” so “usury in such cases means oppression.”
כֶּ֖סֶףke·sep̄on moneyH3701
√ keçeph — silver (from its pale color)Nounmasculine singular
נֶ֣שֶׁךְne·šeḵ. . .H5392
√ neshek — interest on a debtNounmasculine singular construct
אֹ֑כֶל’ō·ḵelfoodH400
√ ʼôkel — foodNounmasculine singular
נֶ֕שֶׁךְne·šeḵ. . .H5392
√ neshek — interest on a debtNounmasculine singular construct
כָּל־kāl-or anyH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholeNounmasculine singular construct
דָּבָ֖רdā·ḇārotherH1697
√ dâbâr — a wordNounmasculine singular
dāḇār, “a word / thing / matter” — “any thing that may be lent.” The triple repetition closes every loophole; Gill: “this takes in all sorts of usury, whether what is lent be money or food, or anything else.”
אֲשֶׁ֥ר’ă·šerH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
יִשָּֽׁךְ׃yiš·šāḵtype of loanH5391
√ nâshak — to strike with a sting (as a serpent)VerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
20

You may charge a foreigner interest, but not your brother, so that the LORD your God may bless you in everything to which you put your hand in the land that you are entering to possess.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

lan·nā·ḵə·rî ṯaš·šîḵ lō ū·lə·’ā·ḥî·ḵā ṯaš·šîḵ lə·ma·‘an Yah·weh ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵā yə·ḇā·reḵ·ḵā bə·ḵōl miš·laḥ yā·ḏe·ḵā ‘al- hā·’ā·reṣ ’ă·šer- ’at·tāh ḇā- šām·māh lə·riš·tāh

Word by word19 · parsed
לַנָּכְרִ֣יlan·nā·ḵə·rîYou may charge a foreignerH5237
√ nokrîy — strange, in a variety of degrees and applications (foreign, non-relative, adulterous, different, wonderful)Preposition-l, ArticleAdjectivemasculine singular
nokrî, “foreigner / stranger” — the non-covenant outsider. Poole and Gill stress the contrast with the brother: the foreigner typically borrowed for trade and could bear interest, so charging him was not oppression but ordinary commerce.
תַשִּׁ֔יךְṯaš·šîḵinterestH5391
√ nâshak — to strike with a sting (as a serpent)VerbHifilImperfectsecond person masculine singular
לֹ֣אbut notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
וּלְאָחִ֖יךָū·lə·’ā·ḥî·ḵāyour brotherH251
√ ʼâch — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance (like father))Conjunctive waw, Preposition-lNounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
תַשִּׁ֑יךְṯaš·šîḵH5391
√ nâshak — to strike with a sting (as a serpent)VerbHifilImperfectsecond person masculine singular
לְמַ֨עַןlə·ma·‘anso thatH4616
√ maʻan — properly, heed, iConjunction
יְהוָ֣הYah·wehthe LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵāyour GodH430
√ ʼĕlôhîym — gods in the ordinary senseNounmasculine plural constructsecond person masculine singular
יְבָרֶכְךָ֜yə·ḇā·reḵ·ḵāmay bless youH1288
√ bârak — to kneelVerbPielImperfectthird person masculine singularsecond person masculine singular
yəḇāreḵḵā, Piel of bârak, “that He may bless you.” The motive clause turns a financial restraint into a covenant promise: refusing to profit from a brother's need opens the hand of God upon all one's work.
בְּכֹל֙bə·ḵōlin everythingH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholePreposition-bNounmasculine singular construct
מִשְׁלַ֣חmiš·laḥto which you putH4916
√ mishlôwach — a sending out, iNounmasculine singular construct
mišlaḥ yādeḵā, “the sending-out of your hand” — a fixed Deuteronomic phrase for one's labors and ventures (cf. 15:10; 28:8). The blessing is comprehensive: not a narrow return on the foregone interest but fruitfulness across every enterprise.
יָדֶ֔ךָyā·ḏe·ḵāyour handH3027
√ yâd — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etcNounfeminine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
עַל־‘al-inH5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
הָאָ֕רֶץhā·’ā·reṣthe landH776
√ ʼerets — the earth (at large, or partitively a land)ArticleNounfeminine singular
אֲשֶׁר־’ă·šer-thatH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
אַתָּ֥ה’at·tāhyouH859
√ ʼattâh — thou and thee, or (plural) ye and youPronounsecond person masculine singular
בָא־ḇā-are enteringH935
√ bôwʼ — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)VerbQalParticiplemasculine singular
שָׁ֖מָּהšām·māh. . .H8033
√ shâm — there (transferring to time) thenAdverbthird person feminine singular
לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ׃סlə·riš·tāhto possessH3423
√ yârash — to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place)Preposition-lVerbQalInfinitive constructthird person feminine singular
lərištāh, infinitive of yârash (“to possess by dispossessing”), “to possess it” — the land entered and held. The promise is land-anchored: covenant generosity and covenant inheritance are bound together.
21

If you make a vow to the LORD your God, do not be slow to keep it, because He will surely require it of you, and you will be guilty of sin.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

kî- ṯid·dōr ne·ḏer Yah·weh ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵā lō ṯə·’a·ḥêr lə·šal·lə·mōw kî- Yah·weh ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵā dā·rōš yiḏ·rə·šen·nū mê·‘im·māḵ wə·hā·yāh ḇə·ḵā ḥêṭ

Word by word17 · parsed
כִּֽי־kî-IfH3588
√ kîy — (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below)Conjunction
תִדֹּ֥רṯid·dōryou makeH5087
√ nâdar — to promise (posVerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
ṯiddōr, Qal of nâdar (“to vow”) — the cognate verb with its noun neder: “vow a vow.” The vow is voluntary to make (v. 22) but binding once made; this rare verb-and-noun pair (nâdar/neder) is the verbal tie to the vow-laws of Numbers 30:2 and Ecclesiastes 5:4.
נֶ֙דֶר֙ne·ḏera vowH5088
√ neder — a promise (to God)Nounmasculine singular
לַיהוָ֣הYah·wehto the LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodPreposition-lNounpropermasculine singular
אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵāyour GodH430
√ ʼĕlôhîym — gods in the ordinary senseNounmasculine plural constructsecond person masculine singular
לֹ֥אdo notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
תְאַחֵ֖רṯə·’a·ḥêrbe slow to keep itH309
√ ʼâchar — to loiter (iVerbPielImperfectsecond person masculine singular
ṯəʼaḥêr, Piel of ʼâchar, “delay / defer.” Gill notes the rabbinic reckoning that the vow had to stand unpaid past the three pilgrim-feasts before the command was transgressed — but the principle is prompt payment.
לְשַׁלְּמ֑וֹlə·šal·lə·mōw. . .H7999
√ shâlam — to be safe (in mind, body or estate)Preposition-lVerbPielInfinitive constructthird person masculine singular
כִּֽי־kî-becauseH3588
√ kîy — (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below)Conjunction
יְהוָ֤הYah·wehHeH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙’ĕ·lō·he·ḵā. . .H430
√ ʼĕlôhîym — gods in the ordinary senseNounmasculine plural constructsecond person masculine singular
דָּרֹ֨שׁdā·rōšwill surely require itH1875
√ dârash — properly, to tread or frequentVerbQalInfinitive absolute
dārōš yiḏrəšennû, the infinitive-absolute intensifier of dârash, “He will surely require it.” The same emphatic grammar (verb doubled) the Hebrew reserves for certainty — God's demand on the vow is not negotiable.
יִדְרְשֶׁ֜נּוּyiḏ·rə·šen·nū. . .H1875
√ dârash — properly, to tread or frequentVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singularthird person masculine singular
מֵֽעִמָּ֔ךְmê·‘im·māḵof youH5973
√ ʻim — adverb or preposition, with (iPreposition-msecond person masculine singular
וְהָיָ֥הwə·hā·yāhand you will beH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
בְךָ֖ḇə·ḵā
Prepositionsecond person masculine singular
חֵֽטְא׃ḥêṭguilty of sinH2399
√ chêṭᵉʼ — a crime or its penaltyNounmasculine singular
ḥêṭ, “sin / guilt / its penalty.” The clause closes the loop: to delay is to incur sin actively chargeable to the vower — the inverse of v. 22, where forbearing to vow incurs none.
22

But if you refrain from making a vow, you will not be guilty of sin.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·ḵî ṯeḥ·dal lin·dōr lō- ḇə·ḵā yih·yeh ḥêṭ

Word by word7 · parsed
וְכִ֥יwə·ḵîBut ifH3588
√ kîy — (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below)Conjunction
תֶחְדַּ֖לṯeḥ·dalyou refrainH2308
√ châdal — properly, to be flabby, iVerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
ṯeḥdal, Qal of châdal, “to forbear / cease.” Keil: “omitting to vow was not a sin.” The vow belongs to the realm of free-will devotion, not commanded duty — a striking guard against compulsive or rash religiosity.
לִנְדֹּ֑רlin·dōrfrom making a vowH5087
√ nâdar — to promise (posPreposition-lVerbQalInfinitive construct
לֹֽא־lō-you will notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
בְךָ֖ḇə·ḵā. . .
Prepositionsecond person masculine singular
יִהְיֶ֥הyih·yehbeH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
yihyeh ḥêṭ, “there shall be sin” — negated by the opening . The construction exactly mirrors and reverses v. 21, sealing the unit's logic: keep what you vow, but feel no compulsion to vow.
חֵֽטְא׃ḥêṭguilty of sinH2399
√ chêṭᵉʼ — a crime or its penaltyNounmasculine singular
23

Be careful to follow through on what comes from your lips, because you have freely vowed to the LORD your God with your own mouth.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

tiš·mōr wə·‘ā·śî·ṯā mō·w·ṣā śə·p̄ā·ṯe·ḵā ka·’ă·šer nə·ḏā·ḇāh nā·ḏar·tā ’ă·šer Yah·weh ’ĕ·lō·he·ḵā dib·bar·tā bə·p̄î·ḵā

Word by word12 · parsed
תִּשְׁמֹ֣רtiš·mōrBe carefulH8104
√ shâmar — properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), iVerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
tišmōr, Qal of shâmar (“to guard, keep”) — paired with the next verb (“and do”). The doublet is Deuteronomy's signature for whole obedience: vigilance plus performance.
וְעָשִׂ֑יתָwə·‘ā·śî·ṯāto follow throughH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
מוֹצָ֥אmō·w·ṣāon what comesH4161
√ môwtsâʼ — a going forth, iNounmasculine singular construct
môwṣāʼ śəp̄āṯeḵā, “the utterance/going-forth of your lips” — the vow as an irrevocable spoken act. The same idiom (“that which has gone out of my lips”) governs God's own oath in Psalm 89:34, underscoring how seriously the spoken pledge binds.
שְׂפָתֶ֖יךָśə·p̄ā·ṯe·ḵāfrom your lipsH8193
√ sâphâh — the lip (as a natural boundary)Nounfeminine dual constructsecond person masculine singular
כַּאֲשֶׁ֨רka·’ă·šerbecauseH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPreposition-kPronounrelative
נְדָבָ֔הnə·ḏā·ḇāhyou have freelyH5071
√ nᵉdâbâh — properly (abstractly) spontaneity, or (adjectively) spontaneousNounfeminine singular
nəḏāḇāh, the freewill offering — spontaneity made into obligation once spoken. Gill (citing Aben Ezra): “every vow is a freewill offering, but not every freewill offering a vow.”
נָדַ֜רְתָּnā·ḏar·tāvowedH5087
√ nâdar — to promise (posVerbQalPerfectsecond person masculine singular
אֲשֶׁ֥ר’ă·šerH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
לַיהוָ֤הYah·wehto the LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodPreposition-lNounpropermasculine singular
אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙’ĕ·lō·he·ḵāyour GodH430
√ ʼĕlôhîym — gods in the ordinary senseNounmasculine plural constructsecond person masculine singular
דִּבַּ֖רְתָּdib·bar·tāvvvH1696
√ dâbar — perhaps properly, to arrangeVerbPielPerfectsecond person masculine singular
dibbartā, Piel of dâbar (“to speak”) — “you have spoken.” The triple emphasis on speech (gone out of lips / vowed / spoken with mouth) makes the mouth the instrument of binding: the tongue commits the whole person before God.
בְּפִֽיךָ׃סbə·p̄î·ḵāwith your own mouthH6310
√ peh — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech)Preposition-bNounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
24

When you enter your neighbor’s vineyard, you may eat your fill of grapes, but you must not put any in your basket.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

kî ṯā·ḇō rê·‘e·ḵā bə·ḵe·rem wə·’ā·ḵal·tā kə·nap̄·šə·ḵā śā·ḇə·‘e·ḵā ‘ă·nā·ḇîm lō ṯit·tên wə·’el- kel·yə·ḵā

Word by word12 · parsed
כִּ֤יWhenH3588
√ kîy — (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below)Conjunction
תָבֹא֙ṯā·ḇōyou enterH935
√ bôwʼ — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)VerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
רֵעֶ֔ךָrê·‘e·ḵāyour neighbor’sH7453
√ rêaʻ — an associate (more or less close)Nounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
rêʻeḵā, “your neighbor” (rêaʻ, an associate). The whole law presupposes neighborliness: the field's owner is not a stranger to be plundered but a near one whose plenty is shared with the passing hungry.
בְּכֶ֣רֶםbə·ḵe·remvineyardH3754
√ kerem — a garden or vineyardPreposition-bNounmasculine singular construct
וְאָכַלְתָּ֧wə·’ā·ḵal·tāyou may eatH398
√ ʼâkal — to eat (literally or figuratively)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
כְּנַפְשְׁךָ֖kə·nap̄·šə·ḵāyourH5315
√ nephesh — properly, a breathing creature, iPreposition-kNounfeminine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
kənap̄šəḵā, “according to your soul/appetite” (cf. 14:26). The generosity is real and bodily — eat to satisfaction — but bounded by the next clause: enough for the moment, nothing for the morrow.
שָׂבְעֶ֑ךָśā·ḇə·‘e·ḵāfill ofH7648
√ sôbaʻ — satisfaction (of food or (figuratively) joy)Nounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
עֲנָבִ֛ים‘ă·nā·ḇîmgrapesH6025
√ ʻênâb — a grapeNounmasculine plural
לֹ֥אbut you must notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
תִתֵּֽן׃סṯit·tênputH5414
√ nâthan — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etcVerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
kelyəḵā, “your vessel” — the dividing line between hospitality and theft. Eating freely on the spot honors the law of love; carrying off a store violates the neighbor's right. The Geneva Bible glosses the vessel “to bring home to your house.”
וְאֶֽל־wə·’el-any inH413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongConjunctive wawPreposition
כֶּלְיְךָ֖kel·yə·ḵāyour basketH3627
√ kᵉlîy — something prepared, iNounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
25

When you enter your neighbor’s grainfield, you may pluck the heads of grain with your hand, but you must not put a sickle to your neighbor’s grain.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

kî ṯā·ḇō rê·‘e·ḵā bə·qā·maṯ wə·qā·ṭap̄·tā mə·lî·lōṯ bə·yā·ḏe·ḵā lō ṯā·nîp̄ wə·ḥer·mêš ‘al rê·‘e·ḵā qā·maṯ

Word by word13 · parsed
כִּ֤יWhenH3588
√ kîy — (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below)Conjunction
תָבֹא֙ṯā·ḇōyou enterH935
√ bôwʼ — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)VerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
רֵעֶ֔ךָrê·‘e·ḵāyour neighbor’sH7453
√ rêaʻ — an associate (more or less close)Nounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
בְּקָמַ֣תbə·qā·maṯgrainfieldH7054
√ qâmâh — something that rises, iPreposition-bNounfeminine singular construct
וְקָטַפְתָּ֥wə·qā·ṭap̄·tāyou may pluckH6998
√ qâṭaph — to strip offConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
wəqāṭap̄tā, Qal of qâṭaph (“to pluck/strip off”), of plucking ears by hand. Keil: “the right of hungry persons, when passing through a field, to pluck ears of corn... is still recognised among the Arabs.” The Gospels (Matthew 12:1; Luke 6:1) presuppose this very law.
מְלִילֹ֖תmə·lî·lōṯthe heads of grainH4425
√ mᵉlîylâh — a head of grain (as cut off)Nounfeminine plural
בְּיָדֶ֑ךָbə·yā·ḏe·ḵāwith your handH3027
√ yâd — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etcPreposition-bNounfeminine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
לֹ֣אbut you must notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
תָנִ֔יףṯā·nîp̄putH5130
√ nûwph — to quiver (iVerbHifilImperfectsecond person masculine singular
ṯānîp̄, Hifil of nûwph (“to swing, wave, brandish”) — the reaping motion forbidden. The line is drawn at intent and instrument: satisfy hunger, do not harvest.
וְחֶרְמֵשׁ֙wə·ḥer·mêša sickleH2770
√ chermêsh — a sickle (as cutting)Conjunctive wawNounmasculine singular
ḥermêš, “sickle” — a hapax-rare word shared only with Deuteronomy 16:9, where the first stroke of this same sickle to the standing grain opens the count to the Feast of Weeks. The doubled rare vocabulary (sickle + standing-grain) makes the two passages verbally linked.
עַ֖ל‘altoH5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
רֵעֶֽךָ׃סrê·‘e·ḵāyour neighbor’sH7453
√ rêaʻ — an associate (more or less close)Nounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
קָמַ֥תqā·maṯgrainH7054
√ qâmâh — something that rises, iNounfeminine singular construct
qāmaṯ, construct of qâmâh, “standing grain” (that which has risen, uncut). The same lexeme binds this verse to 16:9; the field is the neighbor's standing crop, not yet gathered — and so not yours to reap.

The verse-by-verse work is done. What follows gathers the whole unit. All three layers below are machine-generated (⚙). Weigh them; they have no authority.

Grand Commentary — the unit, read whole

synthesis · verify

AI synthesis — woven from the public-domain voices above and the original text; generated and fallible.

i. Sanctuary for the runaway — a law against the slave-catcher — verses 15–16

The unit opens with one of the most startling statutes in the ancient world: lō ṯasgîr ʻeḇeḏ ʼel-ʼăḏōnāw — “you shall not shut up a slave back to his master.” Where every neighboring law-code commanded the return of fugitives, Israel was forbidden to hand one back. The commentators are nearly unanimous on the case in view. Barnes: “a slave who fled from a pagan master to the holy land,” one “not flying from justice, but only from the tyranny of his lord.” Keil & Delitzsch and the Pulpit Commentary both anchor this in the grammar — the foreign-slave reading is “evident from the expression... ‘in one of thy gates,’ i.e. in any part of thy land,” since an Israelite's own servant already dwelt among them. The reflexive verb yinnāṣêl (“has rescued himself”) tells the story: this is a man who tore himself free, and Poole grounds the protection in God's own character — “the great God, who hates all tyranny, and styles himself the refuge of the oppressed.” The freed man then receives what no slave expects: he chooses where to live (“in the place that he chooses... where it is good for him”), and his rescuers are forbidden to oppress (yânâh) him — Gill, citing the Targum, even forbids “calling him a fugitive servant, or by any opprobrious name.”

ii. No holy ones for unholiness — cult prostitution and tainted gain — verses 17–18

From mercy the law turns to purity. Israel was to harbor no qəḏêšāh or qāḏêš — the female and male “consecrated ones” of Canaanite worship. The horror is folded into the word itself: as Gill observes, qəḏêšāh “properly signifies an ‘holy’ one; and here, by an antiphrasis, an unholy, an impure person.” Benson notes the same: “the original words... import a man or woman consecrated to some deity, who served their gods by prostitution.” Keil identifies them as devotees “in the worship of the Canaanitish Astarte.” Then v. 18 closes the circuit at the altar: neither the ʼeṯnan (the harlot's “hire,” a word the prophets will hurl at faithless Israel in Micah 1:7 and Hosea 9:1) nor “the price of a dog” may pay a vow — “for an abomination (tôwʻêbah) to YHWH are both of them.” Keil presses the grammar: it is not merely the dirty money but “the prostitute and dog” themselves that are abomination. The Geneva Bible states the abiding principle in a line: nothing “gained from evil things should be applied to the service of God.”

iii. The bite forbidden among brothers — usury — verses 19–20

Here the Hebrew is sharper than any translation. To charge interest is, literally, to make money bite: the verb nâshak means “to strike with a sting, as a serpent,” and the noun nešeḵ (“interest”) means “a bite.” The verse tolls it three times — bite of silver, bite of food, bite of anything — naming usury for its venom on the poor. The brother (ʼāḥ) may not be bitten; the foreigner (nokrî) may. The older commentators read this not as a blessing on commerce abroad but as poor-law at home. Ellicott: “usury in such cases means oppression... the Mosaic law against usury... is part of the poor law of the land of Israel.” JFB and Benson explain the foreigner-exception by trade: the nokrî “borrowed to enlarge their capital, and might reasonably be expected to pay interest.” And the reward of the open hand is covenant blessing — yəḇāreḵḵā, “that the LORD may bless you in all the sending-out of your hand.” The Geneva note draws the reciprocity: “If you show charity to your brother, God will declare his love toward you.”

iv. The word once gone from the lips — vows — verses 21–23

The vow-law turns on a single, exact tension: vowing is wholly free, but a vow once made is wholly binding. To vow is voluntary — “when you refrain (châdal) from vowing, there shall not be in you sin” (v. 22); Keil: “omitting to vow was not a sin.” But to delay payment is to loiter (ʼâchar) with God's due, and “surely require will YHWH require it” — the doubled verb dārōš yiḏrəšennû marking certain demand. Poole warns of the delay itself: “delays may make thee both unable to pay it, and unwilling too.” Verse 23 holds the paradox in one image: the vow is “the going-forth of your lips,” a word that has departed beyond recall. Henry: “that which is gone out of thy lips... must not be recalled.” And though it was a nəḏāḇāh, a freewill offering, Poole names the binding exactly: “which though thou didst freely make, yet being made, thou art no longer free, but obliged to perform it.” Ellicott observes that Ecclesiastes 5:4 echoes this very law — “but with sufficient verbal variation to prevent its being called a quotation.”

v. Hand to mouth, not hand to basket — the traveler's right — verses 24–25

The unit ends in a neighbor's field, with a law of generous limit. A passer-by may eat grapes “according to your soul (nephesh), to your fill” — the allowance measured by appetite, not ration — and pluck (qâṭaph) ears of grain by hand. But he may put none “into your vessel,” nor swing (nûwph) a sickle. The dividing line is precise: hand to mouth is mercy; hand to basket is theft. JFB sets the social picture: fields were “often unenclosed,” and “all within reach of a person's arm was free... a kindly privilege afforded to the poor and wayfaring man.” The rarest word in the unit closes it — ḥermêš, “sickle,” which occurs nowhere in all Scripture but here and at Deuteronomy 16:9, where the first stroke of that same sickle to the standing grain begins the count to the Feast of Weeks. The Gospels assume this whole law: Keil and Gill both note that when Jesus' disciples “plucked the ears” passing through the grainfields (Matthew 12:1), the objection was never theft, only the Sabbath.

Read under Sola Scriptura — this tool’s own fallible reading (⚙)

Read under the rule that Scripture alone is the final authority, this scatter of “miscellaneous laws” discloses a single grammar — and it is offered here as a reading to be tested, not a verdict to be trusted. The God who legislates here is the refuge of the powerless. The unit opens by forbidding the slave-catcher and granting the runaway a free choice of home (vv. 15–16); it forbids the venom of usury against a brother in need (vv. 19–20); it guards the hungry traveler's right to eat from any field (vv. 24–25). Across three unrelated spheres — bondage, debt, hunger — the same hand restrains the strong and shelters the weak. What is owed to God may never be paid with what dishonors God. The cult-prostitute's hire and the dog's price are barred from the sanctuary (vv. 17–18) not because money is unclean but because the persons and acts are abomination; worship cannot be funded by the very sins it renounces. The same seriousness governs the vow: a word freely spoken to God becomes a binding debt the moment it leaves the lips (vv. 21–23). And the line between mercy and theft is always drawn at the hand. Eat to your soul's fill, but put nothing in your vessel; pluck with the hand, but do not swing the sickle. Generosity is commanded up to the very edge of the neighbor's right — and stops there. The thread that runs the whole length is restraint that protects: the powerful held back so the powerless may live. Note one forward lean: the traveler's law of vv. 24–25 is the precise statute the Lord of the Sabbath stands upon in Matthew 12, defending the hungry against those who would make mercy a crime.

Eat to your soul's fill from your neighbor's field — but the hand that may pluck for hunger may never swing the sickle for gain.

Canonical Threads — out to the whole of Scripture

cross-refs · verify

AI-generated connections. Each carries a verification badge with a recorded basis; contested links are flagged.

The sickle to the standing grain → Deuteronomy 16:9 verbal / quotation — confirmed

The rare word for sickle, ḥermêš, ties this verse to its only canonical twin. Deuteronomy 16:9 begins the count to the Feast of Weeks “from the start of the sickle on the standing grain” — the very two rare words paired here, where a passer-by may pluck ears by hand “but you shall not swing a sickle on your neighbor's standing grain.” The doubled rare vocabulary (sickle + standing-grain) makes the link verbal, not merely thematic: the same blade that opens Israel's harvest-feast is the blade forbidden against another man's crop.

Deuteronomy 16:9

basis: shared rare lexemes H2770 chermêsh (sickle, freq 2 — occurs only in these two verses) and H7054 qâmâh (standing grain, freq 8); the doubled rare vocabulary makes the verbal link definitive, as the Verifier confirms for this pair

The consecrated harlot → Genesis 38:21–22 and Hosea 4:14 verbal / quotation — confirmed

The euphemistic-religious term for the cult-prostitute, qəḏêšāh (“consecrated one”), is one of the rarest words in the Hebrew Bible — four verses in all. It links this prohibition to the narrative where Judah seeks Tamar, mistaking her for a qəḏêšāh by the roadside (Genesis 38:21–22), and to Hosea's indictment of a people who “sacrifice with qəḏêšāh” (Hosea 4:14). Keil & Delitzsch make the Genesis link explicit, sending the reader “see at Genesis 38:21.” The rare shared word draws the law, the patriarchal narrative, and the prophetic charge into one witness: the “holy ones” of the fertility-cult are the antithesis of holiness.

Genesis 38:21 · Genesis 38:22 · Hosea 4:14

basis: shared rare lexeme H6948 qᵉdêshâh (cult-prostitute, freq 4 — occurs in only these few verses); the Verifier confirms the verbal link for Deut 23:17 with both Genesis 38:21 and Hosea 4:14. Not a quotation but a rare-word verbal correspondence binding law, narrative, and prophecy

The vow you must not delay → Ecclesiastes 5:4 and Numbers 30:2 structural / thematic — confirmed

The vow-law of vv. 21–23 shares its core vocabulary — nâdar/neder (“to vow / a vow”), shâlam (“to fulfill/pay”), and ʼâchar (“to delay”) — with the foundational vow-statute of Numbers 30:2 (“when a man vows a vow... he shall not break his word”) and with Ecclesiastes 5:4 (“when you vow a vow to God, defer not to pay it”). Ellicott flags the Ecclesiastes connection precisely while cautioning that it falls short of a citation: the precept “is cited in Ecclesiastes 5:4, but with sufficient verbal variation to prevent its being called a quotation.” We follow his honesty and deliberately under-claim. Although the Verifier returns ‘verbal — confirmed,’ the shared words here are simply the ordinary vocabulary of vows (neder, freq 57; nâdar, freq 28; the rarest, ʼâchar, freq 17) — common to nearly every vow text — not a rare fingerprint or a quoted formula. The genuine link is a shared statute-pattern: the same vow-law restated across the canon, with Ecclesiastes self-consciously echoing it. So we record it as structural/thematic, not verbal.

Numbers 30:2 · Ecclesiastes 5:4

basis: shared vow-vocabulary H5087 nâdar (freq 28), H5088 neder (freq 57), H7999 shâlam (fulfill, freq 107), and H309 ʼâchar (delay, freq 17, with Ecclesiastes 5:4). The Verifier flags this ‘verbal,’ but none of the shared lexemes is rare — they are the common vocabulary of every vow text — and per Ellicott no formula is quoted; we therefore under-claim to structural/thematic: one vow-statute restated across Numbers, Deuteronomy, and Ecclesiastes

Do not make your brother's money bite → Leviticus 25:36–37 verbal / quotation — confirmed

The usury law of vv. 19–20 is bound to the Holiness-Code statute of Leviticus 25:36–37 by the rare word nešeḵ — “a bite,” the Hebrew name for interest — which occurs in only ten verses across the whole Bible. Both passages forbid taking the “bite” from a brother (ʼāḥ), and Keil, Ellicott, and JFB all read the two together (Keil cites “Exodus 22:24 and Leviticus 25:36-37”). The shared rare lexeme, applied to the same case (a needy fellow-Israelite), makes this a genuine verbal correspondence between the Deuteronomic and Levitical codes.

Leviticus 25:36 · Leviticus 25:37

basis: shared rare lexeme H5392 neshek (interest, lit. ‘a bite,’ freq 10) with the limiting term H251 ʼâch (brother); the Verifier confirms ‘verbal — confirmed’ for Deut 23:19 ↔ Leviticus 25:36 — the same statute restated across two codes

The male “consecrated one” the kings could not root out → 1 Kings 14:24; 2 Kings 23:7 verbal / quotation — confirmed

The male cult-functionary of v. 17, qāḏêš (freq 6), is one of the rarest words in the Hebrew Bible — and apart from this law and Job 36:14 it surfaces only in the regnal histories, as the standing measure of Judah's decline: “there were also qāḏêš in the land” (1 Kings 14:24), recurring through the reform-notices (1 Kings 15:12; 22:46) until Josiah “broke down the houses of the qāḏêš” in the temple precincts itself (2 Kings 23:7). The Verifier confirms the rare shared lexeme between Deuteronomy 23:17 and these verses, so the correspondence is genuinely verbal — Deuteronomy forbids the very figure the histories report Israel tolerating for centuries. It is a rare-word verbal tie, not a quotation: no formula is cited, and the genres differ (cultic statute vs. regnal indictment), which is why we mark it verbal-by-vocabulary and not “quotation.”

1 Kings 14:24 · 1 Kings 15:12 · 2 Kings 23:7

basis: shared RARE lexeme H6945 qâdêsh (male cult-prostitute, freq 6 — occurs in only six verses); the Verifier returns ‘verbal — confirmed’ for Deuteronomy 23:17 ↔ 1 Kings 14:24 and ↔ 2 Kings 23:7. A rare-word verbal correspondence binding the law to the regnal histories, NOT a quotation (no formula cited; the verdict word tôwʻêbah, freq 112, is the broader thematic frame)

The harlot's hire (ʼeṯnan) the prophets fling back at Israel → Micah 1:7; Hosea 9:1 verbal / quotation — confirmed

The technical word ʼeṯnan (“the hire of harlotry”), barred from the sanctuary in v. 18, becomes a prophetic weapon. Micah declares Samaria's idol-wealth “gathered from the hire of a harlot, and to the hire of a harlot they shall return” (Micah 1:7); Hosea charges Israel with loving “a harlot's hire on every threshing-floor” (Hosea 9:1). The Geneva Bible already pointed v. 18 toward Micah, and Gill cites Micah 1:7 in his note. ʼeṯnan is genuinely rare (freq 8 — only eight verses in all Scripture), and the Verifier confirms the shared lexeme between Deuteronomy 23:18 and both prophetic verses, so the tie is verbal by vocabulary: the prophets read Israel's faithlessness through Deuteronomy's own word, even reusing its alliterative pairing of ʼeṯnan with zānāh (“harlot”). It is a rare-word verbal correspondence, not a quotation — no formula is cited, and the genre shifts from law to oracle.

Micah 1:7 · Hosea 9:1

basis: shared RARE lexeme H868 ʼethnan (the hire of harlotry/idolatry, freq 8 — only eight verses), plus H2181 zânâh (harlot); the Verifier returns ‘verbal — confirmed’ for Deuteronomy 23:18 ↔ Micah 1:7 and ↔ Hosea 9:1. A rare-word verbal tie, NOT a quotation: the prophets reuse Deuteronomy's exact specialized term to indict Israel, but cite no formula and shift genre from law to oracle

The runaway slave received as a brother → Philemon 15–16 typological

The law forbidding the return of a fugitive slave (vv. 15–16) finds its deepest New-Testament resonance in Paul's letter to Philemon, where Onesimus, the runaway, is to be received back “no longer as a slave, but more than a slave, a beloved brother” (Philemon 16). This is a cross-Testament correspondence between a Hebrew text and a Greek one: because no original-language lexeme is shared, it cannot be a verbal link. It is argued, not asserted — from the shared situation (the fugitive bondman) and the shared movement (from chattel to free, dignified personhood) that the gospel carries to its fullness. Deuteronomy shelters the runaway in the land; Philemon receives him into the family.

Philemon 1:15 · Philemon 1:16

basis: no shared Strong's lexeme (cross-Testament Hebrew↔Greek; the Verifier returns none, so this cannot be tiered verbal). The link is the shared case — the fugitive slave not returned to bondage but raised toward freedom and brotherhood — read figurally and offered as such, not asserted from words

Christ in the Unittypology · verify

AI-generated reading; weigh it against the text.

The Lord of the Sabbath stands on the traveler's law ancient/widely-held

When the Pharisees accused Jesus' disciples of plucking heads of grain as they passed through the fields on the Sabbath (Matthew 12:1; Luke 6:1), the charge was never theft — because Deuteronomy 23:25 expressly permits the hungry passer-by to pluck ears by hand. The objection was only the day. Christ answers by claiming lordship over the Sabbath itself and citing the mercy that law was made to serve. Keil and Gill both read the Gospel scene directly back into this verse; Ellicott notes the traveler's right “is accepted by our Lord in the Gospel.” The merciful field-law of Moses becomes the ground on which the incarnate Lawgiver vindicates compassion over ritual rigor — “I desire mercy, and not sacrifice” (Matthew 12:7). This is a cross-Testament reading argued from the shared statute, not from shared Hebrew words, and is offered as such.

Matthew 12:1 · Matthew 12:7 · Luke 6:1

The vow He would not delay, and the brother He would not return to bondage novel

Two of this unit's laws converge on Christ. The vow-law (vv. 21–23) demanded a word, once spoken to God, be kept “punctually and fully” (Henry) — and where every man's word fails, the Son comes saying “I have come to do Your will, O God” (Hebrews 10:7, 9), the one vow never delayed and wholly paid. And the runaway-slave law (vv. 15–16), which forbade returning the fugitive to his master and granted him a free home, anticipates the gospel that does not send the bondman back to his old master but sets him free: “if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed” (John 8:36), received “no longer as a slave, but more than a slave, a beloved brother” (Philemon 16). The law that sheltered the runaway and bound the vow points beyond itself to the One who keeps every vow and breaks every yoke. This reading runs from the shape of the laws, not from shared words, and is offered as a fallible synthesis to be weighed.

Hebrews 10:7 · John 8:36 · Philemon 1:16

Apparatus & Provenance

The biblical text is the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain (CC0). Hebrew/Greek text, transliteration, morphology and Strong’s are transcribed from the Berean interlinear (CC0) + Strong’s lexicons (PD); the literal renderings, divergence notes, word notes and all synthesis are this tool’s own work (⚙) — fallible; verify them.

Named voices, quoted verbatim from public-domain works:

  • Albert Barnes, Notes on the Bible (1834)
  • Charles Ellicott, Commentary for English Readers (1878)
  • Geneva Study Bible, Marginal Notes (1599)
  • Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory (1871)
  • John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible (1746–63)
  • Joseph Benson, Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1810s)
  • Keil & Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament (1860s)
  • Matthew Henry, Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible (1706)
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1685)
  • The Pulpit Commentary, Spence & Exell, eds. (1880s)

The biblical text is the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain (CC0). The parses, Strong's numbers, and roots are taken as sourced from the Berean/Strong's apparatus; the ⚙ synthesis above never contradicts them. Every ✦ voice is a verbatim, contiguous excerpt of the public-domain commentary supplied for this unit, trimmed only at the ends (and at internal ellipses, where marked, within a single continuous note) and attributed in place. On the cross-references: three of the strongest links rest on genuinely rare shared Hebrew lexemes and are marked “verbal — confirmed,” each confirmed by running the Verifier on the pair: the sickle/standing-grain tie to Deuteronomy 16:9 (ḥermêš, freq 2 — the word occurs only in these two verses), the cult-prostitute tie to Genesis 38:21–22 and Hosea 4:14 (qəḏêšāh, freq 4), and the usury tie to Leviticus 25:36–37 (nešeḵ, “a bite,” freq 10). The vow-law link to Numbers 30:2 and Ecclesiastes 5:4 we have deliberately under-claimed to structural/thematic: the Verifier flags it “verbal,” but its shared words (nâdar, freq 28; neder, freq 57; ʼâchar, freq 17) are the ordinary vocabulary of every vow text, not a rare fingerprint, and we follow Ellicott's own caution that the Ecclesiastes 5:4 echo shows “sufficient verbal variation to prevent its being called a quotation” — so we tier it as one statute-pattern restated across the canon, not a verbal correspondence. Two further links rest on rare shared words but carry no quoted formula, so we mark them “verbal” by vocabulary while stating plainly they are not quotations: the male qāḏêš (freq 6) tie from Deuteronomy 23:17 to the regnal-history notices (1 Kings 14:24; 15:12; 2 Kings 23:7), where the Verifier confirms the rare shared lexeme even though the genres differ (cultic law vs. regnal indictment); and the ʼeṯnan (“harlot's hire,” freq 8) tie from v. 18 to Micah 1:7 and Hosea 9:1, where the prophets reuse Deuteronomy's exact specialized term to indict Israel. Both are rare-word verbal correspondences, not citations — the broader verdict word tôwʻêbah (freq 112) supplies only the thematic frame, never the tier. The two cross-Testament links are the ones most worth weighing carefully: the runaway-slave law to Philemon and the grain-plucking law to Matthew 12 / Luke 6 are connections between a Hebrew text and a Greek one, so by definition they share no Strong's number and cannot be tiered “verbal.” The Verifier returns no shared lexeme for these, exactly as expected; we have marked them typological and argued them from the shared case (the fugitive bondman; the hungry traveler's right) rather than asserting them from words. On the “dog” of v. 18: the commentators genuinely divide — most older voices (Keil, Barnes, Benson, Ellicott) read it figuratively for the male cult-prostitute of v. 17, while the Jewish tradition (per Gill) reads a literal dog; we have presented both and not forced the question. On the plural ʼăḏōnāw (v. 15): the Pulpit Commentary and Keil both insist this plural-of-rule carries no note of severity — “there is no reference to severity of rule, as if this were a plural intensive” — and we have followed them rather than over-reading the form. All ⚙ readings are fallible and carry no authority; weigh them against the Word.

= human, public-domain source, quoted and named. = machine synthesis, to be verified. Flagged cross-references are left visible on purpose — the verifier working in the open. “Search the Scriptures daily, whether those things were so.” (Acts 17:11)