Deuteronomy25:13–16

The weight and the stones of the bag — Deuteronomy 25:13 ↔ Proverbs 16:11 verbal / quotation — confirmed

Proverbs 16:11 names this law's two objects together in one verse: "A just weight and balance are the LORD's: all the weights (ʼeben, "stones") of the bag (kîyç) are his work." The Verifier links it to Deuteronomy 25:13 on two shared lexemes — ʼeben ("stone," H68) and, decisively, kîyç ("bag/purse," H3599), a word that occurs in only six verses in all Scripture. When a lexeme this scarce binds two texts that are both about honest weighing — the stone and the bag named in each — the kinship is verbal, not merely thematic. Albert Barnes and JFB both cite Proverbs 16:11 on this very verse; Ellicott calls the false balance there an "abomination," the same word Deuteronomy 25:16 uses. The proverb makes the law's premise explicit: the standard itself "is the LORD's… his work."

Deuteronomy 25:13 · Proverbs 16:11

basis: rare shared lexeme H3599 kîyç ("bag," only 6 vv in all Scripture) + H68 ʼeben ("stone") — Verifier-computed for Deut 25:13 ↔ Prov 16:11. The scarce bag-word together with the stone-word, in two texts both about honest weighing, marks verbal kinship; Barnes and JFB cite Prov 16:11 on this verse

The wicked balances and the bag of deceitful weights — Deuteronomy 25:13 ↔ Micah 6:11 verbal / quotation — confirmed

Micah 6:11 turns the same law into a prophetic indictment: "Shall I count them pure with the wicked balances, and with the bag (kîyç) of deceitful weights (ʼeben, "stones")?" The Verifier ties it to Deuteronomy 25:13 on the identical pair — the rare kîyç (H3599, only 6 vv) and ʼeben (H68). Micah is not coining new language; he is prosecuting Israel by the Deuteronomic statute, quoting its two objects (the bag, the stones) to convict the merchant the law had warned. The Cambridge editors note that "Mi. 6:10 declares the scant measure loathsome," reading Micah as the law's enforcement. Because the binding word is so scarce and the subject identical, the link reaches "verbal"; held honestly, it is allusion-by-shared-vocabulary, the prophet invoking the law, not the law citing the prophet.

Deuteronomy 25:13 · Micah 6:11

basis: rare shared lexeme H3599 kîyç ("bag," only 6 vv) + H68 ʼeben ("stone") — Verifier-computed for Deut 25:13 ↔ Micah 6:11. Micah prosecutes Israel by the law's own scarce vocabulary (bag + stones); a lexeme this rare in two honest-weighing texts marks verbal allusion (prophet invoking the statute), not a fresh coinage

The Holiness Code's parallel weights-law — Deuteronomy 25:15 ↔ Leviticus 19:36 structural / thematic — confirmed

Nearly every commentator on this unit reaches first for Leviticus 19:35–36, the Holiness Code's twin of this statute: "Just balances, just weights (ʼeben, "stones"), a just ephah, and a just hin, shall ye have." The Verifier links Deuteronomy 25:15 to Leviticus 19:36 on a three-lexeme cluster — ʼeben ("stone," H68), ʼêyphâh ("ephah," H374, 29 vv), and tsedeq ("just/righteous," H6664) — the same triad of weight, measure, and the norm. Cambridge cites it directly: "H, Leviticus 19:36: balances, stones, ephah and hîn — of the norm." Keil, Ellicott, Barnes, and the Pulpit Commentary all name Leviticus 19:35–36 as the parallel. Held honestly: these are not a quotation of one another but two codifications of one ordinance — Cambridge notes "The laws may be quite independent." The shared standard-vocabulary is real and the kinship close, but the tier is structural, two parallel laws, not a verbal citation.

Deuteronomy 25:15 · Leviticus 19:36

basis: shared lexeme cluster H68 ʼeben ("stone") + H374 ʼêyphâh ("ephah," 29 vv) + H6664 tsedeq ("just/righteous," 112 vv) — Verifier-computed for Deut 25:15 ↔ Lev 19:36. Two parallel codifications of one weights-and-measures ordinance (Cambridge: the laws "may be quite independent"); shared standard-vocabulary, not a verbal quotation — tier structural

Differing weights, an abomination — Deuteronomy 25:13, 16 ↔ Proverbs 20:10 structural / thematic — confirmed

Proverbs 20:10 distills the whole unit into one line: "Divers weights (ʼeben, "a stone and a stone"), and divers measures (ʼêyphâh), both of them are alike abomination to the LORD." The Verifier links it to this law on ʼeben (H68) and ʼêyphâh (H374) — and the proverb even reproduces Deuteronomy's exact doubled idiom ("a stone and a stone, an ephah and an ephah," 25:13–14) and its verdict-word, abomination (25:16). Barnes and JFB both cite Proverbs 20:10 on this passage. Held honestly: the shared words (stone, ephah) are common, so the basis is the recurring weights-and-measures vocabulary plus the matching abomination-judgment, not a rare quotation. The proverb is wisdom literature condensing the law; the tier is structural/thematic.

Deuteronomy 25:13 · Deuteronomy 25:16 · Proverbs 20:10

basis: shared lexemes H68 ʼeben ("stone," 239 vv) + H374 ʼêyphâh ("ephah," 29 vv) — Verifier-computed for Deut 25:13/14 ↔ Prov 20:10; the proverb reproduces the doubled idiom and the 'abomination' verdict but on common shared words, so the basis is the recurring weights-and-measures vocabulary, not a rare quotation — tier structural

Making the ephah small — Deuteronomy 25:14 ↔ Amos 8:5 structural / thematic — confirmed

Amos 8:5 catches the very fraud this law forbids in the act: the merchants long for the sabbath to end, "saying… that we may set forth wheat, making the ephah (ʼêyphâh) small, and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by deceit." The Verifier links it to Deuteronomy 25:14 on the shared measure-word ʼêyphâh (H374). Gill cites Amos 8:5 directly on v. 14 ("making the ephah small… see Amos 8:5"), and Cambridge expounds it as the law's exact violation: "Amos 8:5 describes… making the ephah small (for selling) and the shekel great (for weighing the purchasers' money)." Held honestly: ʼêyphâh is a common-enough measure-noun, so this is a thematic/structural link — the prophet portraying the crime the statute proscribes — not a verbal quotation. The tier is structural.

Deuteronomy 25:14 · Amos 8:5

basis: shared lexeme H374 ʼêyphâh ("ephah/measure," 29 vv) — Verifier-computed for Deut 25:14 ↔ Amos 8:5. Amos depicts the exact fraud the law forbids ('making the ephah small'); Gill and Cambridge cite it on this verse, but the shared measure-word is common, so the basis is the shared subject (the violated statute), not a verbal quotation — tier structural

A false balance is abomination — Deuteronomy 25:16 ↔ Proverbs 11:1 structural / thematic — confirmed

Ellicott opens his note on this very verse by pairing it with Proverbs 11:1: "An abomination unto the Lord. —So in Proverbs 11:1, 'a false balance is abomination to the Lord.'" The Verifier links the two on the shared verdict-noun tôwʻêbah ("abomination," H8441). Both texts pronounce the dishonest scale not merely illegal but loathsome to God, and both set against it the "just weight" that is "his delight" (Prov 11:1b) / the "whole and righteous" stone (Deut 25:15). Held honestly: tôwʻêbah is a frequent word (112 vv), so the basis is the shared abomination-judgment on false weighing, a common ethical formula of Law and Wisdom alike, not a rare quotation. The tier is structural/thematic — though the kinship of verdict is exact and the commentators link them by name.

Deuteronomy 25:16 · Proverbs 11:1

basis: shared lexeme H8441 tôwʻêbah ("abomination," 112 vv) — Verifier-computed for Deut 25:16 ↔ Prov 11:1. Both pronounce false weighing 'an abomination to the LORD' (Ellicott pairs them by name on this verse), but the verdict-word is frequent, so the basis is the shared ethical formula of Law and Wisdom, not a rare quotation — tier structural

The Lord who weighs the heart and the spirits ancient/widely-held

This law makes God the keeper of the standard — "all the weights of the bag are his work" (Proverbs 16:11, cited by Barnes and JFB here) — and that premise reaches its Christological fulfillment in the One "in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom" and who "needed not that any should testify of man: for he knew what was in man" (John 2:25). The Hebrew Scriptures already move from the merchant's scale to the divine one: "the LORD weigheth the spirits" (Proverbs 16:2), "the LORD pondereth the hearts" (Proverbs 21:2), and in the end a hand writes on a wall, "Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting" (Daniel 5:27). The New Testament gives that Weigher a face: the Christ before whom "all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we have to do" (Hebrews 4:13), who will judge every secret thing. The false stone in the bag is an abomination precisely because it pretends God does not see — and the gospel's answer is the Judge who sees all. Held honestly: this is a Hebrew-text → Greek-text reading — no shared Strong's number is possible — so it is figural and thematic, not lexical; but the through-line from the LORD's just weight to the all-knowing Christ is ancient and widely held.

Deuteronomy 25:13 · Deuteronomy 25:15 · Proverbs 16:11 · Hebrews 4:13

He who fulfilled all righteousness, the true and faithful witness novel

The just weight is, in Hebrew, a tsedeq-stone — a "righteousness" laid on the scale (Deut 25:15) — and the abomination is ʻawel, "injustice / unrighteousness" (Deut 25:16). The law thus turns on the very opposition the gospel resolves: righteousness against unrighteousness. Where Israel kept two stones in the bag and was found "wanting," Christ "fulfilled all righteousness" (Matthew 3:15) and is named "Faithful and True" (Revelation 19:11) — the one perfectly honest standard against which every false weight is exposed, and in whom the unrighteous are reckoned righteous (2 Corinthians 5:21, "that we might be made the righteousness of God in him"). Ellicott's reading — that this law's heart is the protection of the poor, whom the cheat "doubly robbed" — finds its consummation in the Lord who "came to preach the gospel to the poor" (Luke 4:18) and who pronounced the defrauding Pharisees, with their devoured houses, under the greater tôwʻêbah (Luke 20:47). Held honestly: a cross-Testament, figural reading — the move from the tsedeq-weight to Christ our righteousness is offered as a typological extension, marked novel, to be tested against the texts themselves.

Deuteronomy 25:15 · Deuteronomy 25:16 · Matthew 3:15 · 2 Corinthians 5:21