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Exodus28:31–43

Additional Priestly Garments

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Exodus 28:31–43 — Additional Priestly Garments. Each verse below carries the full apparatus: the Berean Standard Bible, the vocalized original (tap any word), and a parsed breakdown of every term transcribed from the interlinear. Synthesized commentary, canonical threads, and the reading of Christ gather at the end, over the whole unit.

31

You are to make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth,

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·‘ā·śî·ṯā ’eṯ- mə·‘îl hā·’ê·p̄ō·wḏ kə·lîl tə·ḵê·leṯ

Word by word6 · parsed
וְעָשִׂ֛יתָwə·‘ā·śî·ṯāYou are to makeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
וְעָשִׂיתָ (wᵉ·ʻā·śî·ṯā, H6213), and you shall make — the conjunctive-perfect command (ʻâsâh, to do or make) that drum-beats through the whole garment-list (vv. 31, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42), each piece a thing commanded into being.
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
מְעִ֥ילmə·‘îlthe robeH4598
√ mᵉʻîyl — a robe (iNounmasculine singular construct
מְעִיל (mᵉʻîyl, H4598), robe in construct with ephodthe robe of the ephod, so named because, as Poole says, “it was worn next under it.” A nine-verse-rare garment word that Scripture reserves for figures of rank: Samuel's robe, Saul's, and here the high priest's.
הָאֵפ֖וֹדhā·’ê·p̄ō·wḏof the ephodH646
√ ʼêphôwd — a girdleArticleNounmasculine singular
הָאֵפוֹד (hā·ʼê·p̄ō·wḏ, H646), the ephod — the shoulder-vestment already prescribed (Ex 28:6); the robe is defined by its relation to it, worn beneath it as its foundation layer.
כְּלִ֥ילkə·lîlentirelyH3632
√ kâlîyl — completeAdjectivemasculine singular construct
כְּלִיל (kᵉlîyl, H3632), complete / whole — a fifteen-verse word. Its wholeness anticipates the seamless weave; Gill, Jamieson, and the Pulpit all reach across to the seamless robe of Christ (John 19:23) on the strength of this single all-of-one-piece idea.
תְּכֵֽלֶת׃tə·ḵê·leṯof blue clothH8504
√ tᵉkêleth — the cerulean mussel, iNounfeminine singular
תְּכֵלֶת (tᵉkêleth, H8504), blue/violet — the heavenly colour. K&D read in it “the heavenly origin and character of the office”; the plain blue throws the variegated ephod and sparkling breastplate into relief (Barnes, Ellicott).
32

with an opening at its top in the center. Around the opening shall be a woven collar with an opening like that of a garment, so that it will not tear.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·hā·yāh p̄î- rō·šōw bə·ṯō·w·ḵōw sā·ḇîḇ yih·yeh ma·‘ă·śêh ’ō·rêḡ śā·p̄āh lə·p̄îw kə·p̄î ṯaḥ·rā yih·yeh- lōw lō yiq·qā·rê·a‘

Word by word16 · parsed
וְהָיָ֥הwə·hā·yāhwithH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
פִֽי־p̄î-an openingH6310
√ peh — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech)Nounmasculine singular construct
פִּי (, H6310), mouth — here the head-opening. Hebrew names body-holes and garment-holes alike by the word for mouth; the robe's collar is its mouth.
רֹאשׁ֖וֹrō·šōwat its topH7218
√ rôʼsh — the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itcNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
רֹאשׁוֹ (rō·šōw, H7218), its head — the opening is of the head, the place the head goes through. Worn, K&D notes, like a habergeon drawn over the head.
בְּתוֹכ֑וֹbə·ṯō·w·ḵōwin the centerH8432
√ tâvek — a bisection, iPreposition-bNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
סָבִ֜יבsā·ḇîḇAround [the opening]H5439
√ çâbîyb — (as noun) a circle, neighbour, or environsAdverb
יִֽהְיֶה֩yih·yehshall beH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
מַעֲשֵׂ֣הma·‘ă·śêha wovenH4639
√ maʻăseh — an action (good or bad)Nounmasculine singular construct
אֹרֵ֗ג’ō·rêḡ. . .H707
√ ʼârag — to plait or weaveVerbQalParticiplemasculine singular
אֹרֵג (ʼōrêḡ, H707), weaver — Qal participle, a thirteen-verse word. The hem is weavers' work; it was woven in, not stitched on, so the garment remains all-of-a-piece.
שָׂפָ֡הśā·p̄āhcollarH8193
√ sâphâh — the lip (as a natural boundary)Nounfeminine singular
לְפִ֨יוlə·p̄îwwith an openingH6310
√ peh — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech)Preposition-lNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
כְּפִ֥יkə·p̄îlike thatH6310
√ peh — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech)Preposition-kNounmasculine singular construct
תַחְרָ֛אṯaḥ·rāof a garmentH8473
√ tachărâʼ — a linen corslet (as white or hollow)Nounmasculine singular
תַחְרָא (taḥărâʼ, H8473) — the rare corslet/habergeon, found only here and in the parallel Ex 39:23. Its single near-twin makes the cross-reference one of the strongest verbal links in the chapter.
יִֽהְיֶה־yih·yeh-so thatH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
לּ֖וֹlōwit
Prepositionthird person masculine singular
לֹ֥אwill notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absAdverbNegative particle
יִקָּרֵֽעַ׃yiq·qā·rê·a‘tearH7167
√ qâraʻ — to rend, literally or figuratively (revile, paint the eyes, as if enlarging them)VerbNifalImperfectthird person masculine singular
קָרַע (qâraʻ, H7167) Nifal — be torn. Gill draws the figural note: the robe's strength “may denote the strength and duration of Christ's righteousness, which is an everlasting one.”
33

Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn all the way around the lower hem, with gold bells between them,

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·‘ā·śî·ṯā rim·mō·nê tə·ḵê·leṯ wə·’ar·gā·mān wə·ṯō·w·la·‘aṯ šā·nî ‘al- šū·lāw sā·ḇîḇ ‘al- šū·lāw zā·hāḇ ū·p̄a·‘ă·mō·nê bə·ṯō·w·ḵām sā·ḇîḇ

Word by word15 · parsed
וְעָשִׂ֣יתָwə·‘ā·śî·ṯāMakeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
רִמֹּנֵי֙rim·mō·nêpomegranatesH7416
√ rimmôwn — a pomegranate, the tree (from its upright growth) or the fruit (also an artificial ornament)Nounmasculine plural construct
רִמֹּנֵי (rimmōnê, H7416), pomegranates — twenty-five verses. K&D quotes Rashi that they were “round … like hens' eggs.” Pure decoration (Ellicott), yet later readers (Gill, K&D) hear in them the word of God, sweet to the soul.
תְּכֵ֤לֶתtə·ḵê·leṯof blueH8504
√ tᵉkêleth — the cerulean mussel, iNounfeminine singular
וְאַרְגָּמָן֙wə·’ar·gā·mānpurpleH713
√ ʼargâmân — purple (the color or the dyed stuff)Conjunctive wawNounmasculine singular
וְתוֹלַ֣עַתwə·ṯō·w·la·‘aṯand scarlet yarnH8438
√ tôwlâʻ — the crimson-grub, but used only (in this connection) of the colorfrom it, and cloths dyed therewithConjunctive wawNounfeminine singular construct
שָׁנִ֔יšā·nî. . .H8144
√ shânîy — crimson, properly, the insect or its color, also stuff dyed with itNounmasculine singular
עַל־‘al-. . .H5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
שׁוּלָ֖יוšū·lāw. . .H7757
√ shûwl — a skirtNounmasculine plural constructthird person masculine singular
סָבִ֑יבsā·ḇîḇall the way around the lowerH5439
√ çâbîyb — (as noun) a circle, neighbour, or environsAdverb
סָבִיב (sāḇîḇ, H5439), round about — the encircling adverb that frames the whole hem; it repeats at the verse's close, wrapping the ornament all the way around.
עַל־‘al-H5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
שׁוּלָ֗יוšū·lāwhemH7757
√ shûwl — a skirtNounmasculine plural constructthird person masculine singular
זָהָ֛בzā·hāḇwith goldH2091
√ zâhâb — gold, figuratively, something gold-colored (iNounmasculine singular
זָהָב (zāhāḇ, H2091), gold — the bells are gold against the coloured pomegranates; Gill hears in “golden bells” either Christ's intercession or the Gospel's “joyful sound.”
וּפַעֲמֹנֵ֥יū·p̄a·‘ă·mō·nêbellsH6472
√ paʻămôn — a bell (as struck)Conjunctive wawNounmasculine plural construct
פַּעֲמֹנֵי (paʻămōnê, H6472), bells — a four-verse rarity, the sound-bearing ornament. Ellicott observes the bell is “more Assyrian than Egyptian” and finds here “an entirely new religious usage.”
בְּתוֹכָ֖םbə·ṯō·w·ḵāmbetweenH8432
√ tâvek — a bisection, iPreposition-bNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine plural
בְּתוֹכָם (bᵉ·ṯō·w·ḵām, H8432), among them / between them — placing the bells in the gaps between the pomegranates; the next verse spells out the strict alternation.
סָבִֽיב׃sā·ḇîḇthemH5439
√ çâbîyb — (as noun) a circle, neighbour, or environsAdverb
34

alternating the gold bells and pomegranates around the lower hem of the robe.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

sā·ḇîḇ zā·hāḇ pa·‘ă·mōn wə·rim·mō·wn pa·‘ă·mōn zā·hāḇ wə·rim·mō·wn ‘al- šū·lê ham·mə·‘îl

Word by word10 · parsed
סָבִֽיב׃sā·ḇîḇalternatingH5439
√ çâbîyb — (as noun) a circle, neighbour, or environsAdverb
סָבִיב (sāḇîḇ, H5439), round about — opening the verse (glossed “alternating”); the alternation is to run the whole way around, leaving no gap unornamented.
זָהָב֙zā·hāḇthe goldH2091
√ zâhâb — gold, figuratively, something gold-colored (iNounmasculine singular
זָהָב (zāhāḇ, H2091), gold — the bells alone are gold; the pomegranates are coloured yarn. The contrast of metal and thread runs the hem.
פַּעֲמֹ֤ןpa·‘ă·mōnbellsH6472
√ paʻămôn — a bell (as struck)Nounmasculine singular construct
וְרִמּ֔וֹןwə·rim·mō·wnand pomegranatesH7416
√ rimmôwn — a pomegranate, the tree (from its upright growth) or the fruit (also an artificial ornament)Conjunctive wawNounmasculine singular
פַּעֲמֹן (paʻămōn, H6472) — the bell, repeated; Jamieson reports the tradition that the bells “amounted to seventy-two.”
פַּֽעֲמֹ֥ןpa·‘ă·mōn. . .H6472
√ paʻămôn — a bell (as struck)Nounmasculine singular construct
זָהָ֖בzā·hāḇ. . .H2091
√ zâhâb — gold, figuratively, something gold-colored (iNounmasculine singular
וְרִמּ֑וֹןwə·rim·mō·wn. . .H7416
√ rimmôwn — a pomegranate, the tree (from its upright growth) or the fruit (also an artificial ornament)Conjunctive wawNounmasculine singular
עַל־‘al-. . .H5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
שׁוּלֵ֥יšū·lê{around} the lower hemH7757
√ shûwl — a skirtNounmasculine plural construct
הַמְּעִ֖ילham·mə·‘îlof the robeH4598
√ mᵉʻîyl — a robe (iArticleNounmasculine singular
הַמְּעִיל (ham·mᵉ·ʻîl, H4598), the robe — closing the unit on the robe of vv. 31–35; the bells and pomegranates belong to it alone, and the death-warning of v. 35 attaches to its wearing.
35

Aaron must wear the robe whenever he ministers, and its sound will be heard when he enters or exits the sanctuary before the LORD, so that he will not die.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·hā·yāh ’a·hă·rōn ‘al- lə·šā·rêṯ qō·w·lōw wə·niš·ma‘ bə·ḇō·’ōw ū·ḇə·ṣê·ṯōw ’el- haq·qō·ḏeš lip̄·nê Yah·weh wə·lō yā·mūṯ

Word by word14 · parsed
וְהָיָ֥הwə·hā·yāhH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
אַהֲרֹ֖ן’a·hă·rōnAaronH175
√ ʼAhărôwn — Aharon, the brother of MosesNounpropermasculine singular
אַהֲרֹן (ʼa·hă·rōn, H175), Aaron — named for the first time in this garment-unit; the robe and its voice are bound to his person and office.
עַֽל־‘al-must wear [the robe]H5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
לְשָׁרֵ֑תlə·šā·rêṯwhenever he ministersH8334
√ shârath — to attend as a menial or worshipperPreposition-lVerbPielInfinitive construct
שָׁרַת (shârath, H8334) Piel infinitive — to minister / serve. The cult-service verb; the same word governs the priests' approach to the altar in v. 43.
ק֠וֹלוֹqō·w·lōwand its soundH6963
√ qôwl — a voice or soundNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
וְנִשְׁמַ֣עwə·niš·ma‘will be heardH8085
√ shâmaʻ — to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etcConjunctive wawVerbNifalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
שָׁמַע (shâmaʻ, H8085) Nifal — be heard; the verb of hearing-with-attention. The people hear the voice and, Ellicott says, “follow in their thoughts the entire service.”
בְּבֹא֨וֹbə·ḇō·’ōwwhen he entersH935
√ bôwʼ — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)Preposition-bVerbQalInfinitive constructthird person masculine singular
וּבְצֵאת֖וֹū·ḇə·ṣê·ṯōwor exitsH3318
√ yâtsâʼ — to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct and proximConjunctive waw, Preposition-bVerbQalInfinitive constructthird person masculine singular
אֶל־’el-. . .H413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongPreposition
הַקֹּ֜דֶשׁhaq·qō·ḏešthe sanctuaryH6944
√ qôdesh — a sacred place or thingArticleNounmasculine singular
הַקֹּדֶשׁ (haq·qō·ḏeš, H6944), the holy place / sanctuary — the threshold the voice marks, going in and coming out.
לִפְנֵ֧יlip̄·nêbeforeH6440
√ pânîym — the face (as the part that turns)Preposition-lNouncommon plural construct
יְהוָ֛הYah·wehthe LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
יְהוָה (Yahweh, H3068), the LORD — the ministry is before Him; it is His presence that makes the death-warning real.
וְלֹ֥אwə·lōso that he will notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absConjunctive wawAdverbNegative particle
יָמֽוּת׃סyā·mūṯdieH4191
√ mûwth — to die (literally or figuratively)VerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
מוּת (mûwth, H4191) Qal imperfect — die. The first of three death-warnings tied to priestly garb in this chapter (vv. 35, 43); K&D wrestles long with why the robe's voice is the condition of life.
36

You are to make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it as on a seal: HOLY TO THE LORD.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·‘ā·śî·ṯā ṣîṣ ṭā·hō·wr zā·hāḇ ū·p̄it·taḥ·tā ‘ā·lāw pit·tū·ḥê ḥō·ṯām qō·ḏeš Yah·weh

Word by word10 · parsed
וְעָשִׂ֥יתָwə·‘ā·śî·ṯāYou are to makeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
צִּ֖יץṣîṣa plateH6731
√ tsîyts — properly, glistening, iNounmasculine singular construct
צִיץ (tsîyts, H6731), shining plate / blossom — from צוּץ, to shine. Called the “crown of holiness” in Ex 39:30; Maclaren makes it the first of three inscriptions (here, Zech 14:20, Rev 22:4) on one theme.
טָה֑וֹרṭā·hō·wrof pureH2889
√ ṭâhôwr — pure (in a physical, chemical, ceremonial or moral sense)Adjectivemasculine singular
טָהוֹר (ṭâhôwr, H2889), pure — the gold is unalloyed, matching the holiness it announces; Geneva: “nothing unholy may appear before him.”
זָהָ֣בzā·hāḇgoldH2091
√ zâhâb — gold, figuratively, something gold-colored (iNounmasculine singular
וּפִתַּחְתָּ֤ū·p̄it·taḥ·tāand engraveH6605
√ pâthach — to open wide (literally or figuratively)Conjunctive wawVerbPielConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
וּפִתַּחְתָּ (ū·p̄it·taḥ·tā, H6605) Piel — and you shall engrave; the verb of cutting / opening, as a gem-cutter opens the stone to take the letters.
עָלָיו֙‘ā·lāwon itH5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPrepositionthird person masculine singular
פִּתּוּחֵ֣יpit·tū·ḥê[as]H6603
√ pittûwach — sculpture (in low or high relief or even intaglio)Nounmasculine plural construct
חֹתָ֔םḥō·ṯāmon a sealH2368
√ chôwthâm — a signature-ringNounmasculine singular
חֹתָם (ḥôwthâm, H2368), signet — the same engraving-standard set for the shoulder-stones and breastplate (Ex 28:11, 21); the names of Israel and the name HOLY are cut alike, as on a seal.
קֹ֖דֶשׁqō·ḏešHOLYH6944
√ qôdesh — a sacred place or thingNounmasculine singular
קֹדֶשׁ (qōḏeš, H6944), holiness — the abstract noun; with לַיהוָה it is the whole creed of the priesthood in two words. Ellicott: “religion culminates in “Holiness to Jehovah,” without which all else is worthless.”
לַֽיהוָֽה׃Yah·wehTO THE LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodPreposition-lNounpropermasculine singular
37

Fasten to it a blue cord to mount it on the turban; it shall be on the front of the turban.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·śam·tā ‘al- ’ō·ṯōw tə·ḵê·leṯ pə·ṯîl ‘al- ham·miṣ·nā·p̄eṯ wə·hā·yāh ’el- mūl pə·nê- ham·miṣ·ne·p̄eṯ yih·yeh

Word by word13 · parsed
וְשַׂמְתָּ֤wə·śam·tāFastenH7760
√ sûwm — to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
עַל־‘al-to itH5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
אֹתוֹ֙’ō·ṯōwH853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object markerthird person masculine singular
תְּכֵ֔לֶתtə·ḵê·leṯa blueH8504
√ tᵉkêleth — the cerulean mussel, iNounfeminine singular
תְּכֵלֶת (tᵉkêleth, H8504), blue — the same heavenly dye as the robe (v. 31); the holy-plate is tied on with a thread of heaven's colour.
פְּתִ֣ילpə·ṯîlcordH6616
√ pâthîyl — twineNounmasculine singular construct
פְּתִיל (pâthîyl, H6616), cord / twine — eleven verses. Its rarity, shared with Ex 39:31, makes the parallel a verbal link.
עַל־‘al-to mount it onH5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
הַמִּצְנָ֑פֶתham·miṣ·nā·p̄eṯthe turbanH4701
√ mitsnepheth — a tiara, iArticleNounfeminine singular
הַמִּצְנָפֶת (ham·miṣ·nā·p̄eṯ, H4701), the turban — from tsânaph, to coil; K&D: “judging from the etymology, was in the shape of a turban.”
וְהָיָ֖הwə·hā·yāhit shall beH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
אֶל־’el-onH413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongPreposition
מ֥וּלmūlthe frontH4136
√ mûwl — properly, abrupt, iPreposition
מוּל (mûl, H4136), front / opposite — the preposition of facing; with pᵉnê it sets the plate over the very face-front of the head.
פְּנֵֽי־pə·nê-. . .H6440
√ pânîym — the face (as the part that turns)Nounmasculine plural construct
הַמִּצְנֶ֖פֶתham·miṣ·ne·p̄eṯof the turbanH4701
√ mitsnepheth — a tiara, iArticleNounfeminine singular
יִהְיֶֽה׃yih·yeh. . .H1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine singular
38

And it will be worn on Aaron’s forehead, so that he may bear the iniquity of the holy things that the sons of Israel consecrate with regard to all their holy gifts. It shall always be on his forehead, so that they may be acceptable before the LORD.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·hā·yāh ‘al- ’a·hă·rōn mê·ṣaḥ ’a·hă·rōn ’eṯ- wə·nā·śā ‘ă·wōn haq·qo·ḏā·šîm ’ă·šer bə·nê yiś·rā·’êl yaq·dî·šū lə·ḵāl qā·ḏə·šê·hem mat·tə·nōṯ tā·mîḏ wə·hā·yāh ‘al- miṣ·ḥōw lə·rā·ṣō·wn lā·hem lip̄·nê Yah·weh

Word by word24 · parsed
וְהָיָה֮wə·hā·yāhAnd it will be [worn]H1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
עַל־‘al-onH5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
אַהֲרֹן֒’a·hă·rōnAaron’sH175
√ ʼAhărôwn — Aharon, the brother of MosesNounpropermasculine singular
מֵ֣צַחmê·ṣaḥforeheadH4696
√ mêtsach — the forehead (as open and prominent)Nounmasculine singular construct
מֵצַח (mêṣaḥ, H4696), forehead“the forehead (as open and prominent).” The most public part of the face bears the most public confession; the people's guilt is carried where all can see the word HOLY.
אַהֲרֹ֜ן’a·hă·rōnso that [he]H175
√ ʼAhărôwn — Aharon, the brother of MosesNounpropermasculine singular
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
וְנָשָׂ֨אwə·nā·śāmay bearH5375
√ nâsâʼ — to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relativeConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
נָשָׂא (nâsâʼ, H5375), bear / lift / carry away — the great atonement-verb; the very verb that returns in v. 43 (“that they bear not iniquity”) for the negative case, and that the NT will gather up in the Lamb who bears sin.
עֲוֺ֣ן‘ă·wōnthe iniquityH5771
√ ʻâvôn — perversity, iNouncommon singular construct
עָוֺן (ʻâvôn, H5771), iniquity / guilt — the perversity inhering even in worship; Geneva's gloss: “offerings could not be so perfect, but some fault would be in them.”
הַקֳּדָשִׁ֗יםhaq·qo·ḏā·šîmof the holy thingsH6944
√ qôdesh — a sacred place or thingArticleNounmasculine plural
אֲשֶׁ֤ר’ă·šerthatH834
√ ʼăsher — who, which, what, thatPronounrelative
בְּנֵ֣יbə·nêthe sonsH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine plural construct
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לyiś·rā·’êlof IsraelH3478
√ Yisrâʼêl — Jisrael, a symbolical name of JacobNounpropermasculine singular
יַקְדִּ֙ישׁוּ֙yaq·dî·šūconsecrateH6942
√ qâdash — to be (causatively, make, pronounce or observe as) clean (ceremonially or morally)VerbHifilImperfectthird person masculine plural
לְכָֽל־lə·ḵālwith regard to allH3605
√ kôl — properly, the wholePreposition-lNounmasculine singular construct
קָדְשֵׁיהֶ֑םqā·ḏə·šê·hemtheir holyH6944
√ qôdesh — a sacred place or thingNounmasculine plural constructthird person masculine plural
מַתְּנֹ֖תmat·tə·nōṯgiftsH4979
√ mattânâh — a presentNounfeminine plural construct
תָּמִ֔ידtā·mîḏIt shall alwaysH8548
√ tâmîyd — properly, continuance (as indefinite extension)Adverb
תָּמִיד (tâmîyd, H8548), continually — the perpetuity-word; the acceptance is unceasing. Benson hears in it the ground of a believer's confidence, that good works “are pleasing to God upon the account of Christ’s intercession, and not otherwise.”
וְהָיָ֤הwə·hā·yāhbeH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person masculine singular
עַל־‘al-onH5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
מִצְחוֹ֙miṣ·ḥōwhis foreheadH4696
√ mêtsach — the forehead (as open and prominent)Nounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
לְרָצ֥וֹןlə·rā·ṣō·wnso that they may be acceptableH7522
√ râtsôwn — delight (especially as shown)Preposition-lNounmasculine singular
לְרָצוֹן (lᵉrâtsôwn, H7522), for acceptance / favour — the goal of the whole apparatus: that flawed gifts become delight before the LORD.
לָהֶ֖םlā·hem
Prepositionthird person masculine plural
לִפְנֵ֥יlip̄·nêbeforeH6440
√ pânîym — the face (as the part that turns)Preposition-lNouncommon plural construct
יְהוָֽה׃Yah·wehthe LORDH3068
√ Yᵉhôvâh — Jehovah, Jewish national name of GodNounpropermasculine singular
39

You are to weave the tunic with fine linen, make the turban of fine linen, and fashion an embroidered sash.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·šib·baṣ·tā hak·kə·ṯō·neṯ šêš wə·‘ā·śî·ṯā miṣ·ne·p̄eṯ šêš ta·‘ă·śeh ma·‘ă·śêh rō·qêm wə·’aḇ·nêṭ

Word by word10 · parsed
וְשִׁבַּצְתָּ֙wə·šib·baṣ·tāYou are to weaveH7660
√ shâbats — to interweave (colored) threads in squaresConjunctive wawVerbPielConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
וְשִׁבַּצְתָּ (wᵉ·šib·baṣ·tā, H7660) Piel — and you shall weave in chequer-work; a five-verse-rare technical weaving verb the BSB renders as plain “weave.”
הַכְּתֹ֣נֶתhak·kə·ṯō·neṯthe tunicH3801
√ kᵉthôneth — a shirtArticleNounfeminine singular
שֵׁ֔שׁšêšwith fine linenH8336
√ shêsh — bleached stuff, iNounmasculine singular
שֵׁשׁ (šêš, H8336), fine linen / byssus — the bleached white stuff prized in antiquity (Cambridge); the colour of the priest's glory (K&D: “the brilliant white colour, the symbol of holiness”).
וְעָשִׂ֖יתָwə·‘ā·śî·ṯāmakeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
מִצְנֶ֣פֶתmiṣ·ne·p̄eṯthe turbanH4701
√ mitsnepheth — a tiara, iNounfeminine singular construct
מִצְנֶפֶת (mitsnepheth, H4701), turban — repeated from v. 37; here made plainly of byssus, the white ground on which the gold plate shines.
שֵׁ֑שׁšêšof fine linenH8336
√ shêsh — bleached stuff, iNounmasculine singular
תַּעֲשֶׂ֖הta·‘ă·śehand fashionH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationVerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
מַעֲשֵׂ֥הma·‘ă·śêh. . .H4639
√ maʻăseh — an action (good or bad)Nounmasculine singular construct
רֹקֵֽם׃rō·qêman embroideredH7551
√ râqam — to variegate color, iVerbQalParticiplemasculine singular
רֹקֵם (rôqêm, H7551), embroiderer / variegator — Qal participle; the sash's many colours (Ex 39:29: blue, purple, scarlet) are needled in, the only colour on an otherwise white set of inner garments.
וְאַבְנֵ֥טwə·’aḇ·nêṭsashH73
√ ʼabnêṭ — a beltConjunctive wawNounmasculine singular
אַבְנֵט (ʼaḇnêṭ, H73), sash / girdle — a nine-verse word used only of the priestly girdle and one high officer's (Isa 22:21); K&D: “of uncertain etymology, and only applied to the priest's girdle.”
40

Make tunics, sashes, and headbands for Aaron’s sons, to give them glory and splendor.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

ta·‘ă·śeh ḵut·to·nōṯ ’aḇ·nê·ṭîm ū·miḡ·bā·‘ō·wṯ ta·‘ă·śeh lā·hem ’a·hă·rōn wə·liḇ·nê wə·‘ā·śî·ṯā lā·hem lə·ḵā·ḇō·wḏ ū·lə·ṯip̄·’ā·reṯ

Word by word12 · parsed
תַּעֲשֶׂ֣הta·‘ă·śehMakeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationVerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
כֻתֳּנֹ֔תḵut·to·nōṯtunicsH3801
√ kᵉthôneth — a shirtNounfeminine plural
כֻתֳּנֹת (ḵut·to·nōṯ, H3801), tunics — the same garment-word as v. 39, now plural for the ordinary priests; “fine linen, of woven work” (Gill, citing Ex 39:27).
אַבְנֵטִ֑ים’aḇ·nê·ṭîmsashesH73
√ ʼabnêṭ — a beltNounmasculine plural
אַבְנֵטִים (ʼaḇnêṭîm, H73), sashes — the priestly girdle in the plural; this verse's pairing of ʼAhărôwn + ʼabnêṭ ties it verbally to the ordination of Ex 29:9.
וּמִגְבָּעוֹת֙ū·miḡ·bā·‘ō·wṯand headbandsH4021
√ migbâʻâh — a cap (as hemispherical)Conjunctive wawNounfeminine plural
מִגְבָּעוֹת (migbâʻôṯ, H4021), caps — a word used only of the ordinary priests' headgear (Ex 29:9; 39:28; Lev 8:13); Cambridge: “in shape like a brimless convex cap.”
תַּעֲשֶׂ֣הta·‘ă·śeh. . .H6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationVerbQalImperfectsecond person masculine singular
לָהֶ֔םlā·hem
Prepositionthird person masculine plural
אַהֲרֹן֙’a·hă·rōnfor Aaron’sH175
√ ʼAhărôwn — Aharon, the brother of MosesNounpropermasculine singular
וְלִבְנֵ֤יwə·liḇ·nêsonsH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcConjunctive waw, Preposition-lNounmasculine plural construct
וְעָשִׂ֥יתָwə·‘ā·śî·ṯāto giveH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
לָהֶ֖םlā·hemthem
Prepositionthird person masculine plural
לְכָב֖וֹדlə·ḵā·ḇō·wḏgloryH3519
√ kâbôwd — properly, weight, but only figuratively in a good sense, splendor or copiousnessPreposition-lNounmasculine singular
כָּבוֹד (kâbôwd, H3519), glory / weight — Henry: the garments “typify the righteousness of Christ” and the office's “glory of his Divine majesty.”
וּלְתִפְאָֽרֶת׃ū·lə·ṯip̄·’ā·reṯand splendorH8597
√ tiphʼârâh — ornament (abstractly or concretely, literally or figuratively)Conjunctive waw, Preposition-lNounfeminine singular
תִּפְאָרֶת (tiphʼârâh, H8597), beauty / splendor — closing the high-priestly and priestly clothing-list on the same note it began (v. 2); white, K&D says, is itself the glory, “the symbol of holiness.”
41

After you put these garments on your brother Aaron and his sons, anoint them, ordain them, and consecrate them so that they may serve Me as priests.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wə·hil·baš·tā ’ō·ṯām ’eṯ- ’ā·ḥî·ḵā wə·’eṯ- ’a·hă·rōn bā·nāw ’it·tōw ū·mā·šaḥ·tā ’ō·ṯām ū·mil·lê·ṯā ’eṯ- yā·ḏām wə·qid·daš·tā ’ō·ṯām wə·ḵi·hă·nū lî

Word by word17 · parsed
וְהִלְבַּשְׁתָּ֤wə·hil·baš·tāAfter you putH3847
√ lâbash — properly, wrap around, iConjunctive wawVerbHifilConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
וְהִלְבַּשְׁתָּ (wᵉ·hil·baš·tā, H3847) Hiphil — and you shall clothe; the verb of wrapping-around. The garments just described are now put on by Moses' own hand as the opening rite of consecration.
אֹתָם֙’ō·ṯām[these garments]H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object markerthird person masculine plural
אֶת־’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
אָחִ֔יךָ’ā·ḥî·ḵāon your brotherH251
√ ʼâch — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance (like father))Nounmasculine singular constructsecond person masculine singular
וְאֶת־wə·’eṯ-H853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Conjunctive wawDirect object marker
אַהֲרֹ֣ן’a·hă·rōnAaronH175
√ ʼAhărôwn — Aharon, the brother of MosesNounpropermasculine singular
בָּנָ֖יוbā·nāwand his sonsH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine plural constructthird person masculine singular
אִתּ֑וֹ’it·tōw. . .H854
√ ʼêth — properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), nearDirect object markerthird person masculine singular
וּמָשַׁחְתָּ֨ū·mā·šaḥ·tāanointH4886
√ mâshach — to rub with oil, iConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
מָשַׁח (mâshach, H4886), anoint — Cambridge thinks the clause a later addition, since Ex 29:7 and Lev 8:12 anoint Aaron alone; the textual question is honestly flagged in the apparatus.
אֹתָ֜ם’ō·ṯāmthemH853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object markerthird person masculine plural
וּמִלֵּאתָ֧ū·mil·lê·ṯāordainH4390
√ mâlêʼ — to fill or (intransitively) be full of, in a wide application (literally and figuratively)Conjunctive wawVerbPielConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
מָלֵא (mâlêʼ, H4390) Piel, with יָד (hand) — fill the hand, the install-idiom; cf. “the ram of installation,” lit. “of filling” (Cambridge on Ex 29:22).
אֶת־’eṯ-themH853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object marker
יָדָ֛םyā·ḏām. . .H3027
√ yâd — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etcNounfeminine singular constructthird person masculine plural
וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ֥wə·qid·daš·tāand consecrateH6942
√ qâdash — to be (causatively, make, pronounce or observe as) clean (ceremonially or morally)Conjunctive wawVerbPielConjunctive perfectsecond person masculine singular
וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ (wᵉ·qid·daš·tā, H6942) Piel — and you shall consecrate / sanctify; the make-holy verb, setting them apart for the holy service.
אֹתָ֖ם’ō·ṯāmthemH853
√ ʼêth — properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)Direct object markerthird person masculine plural
וְכִהֲנ֥וּwə·ḵi·hă·nūso that they may serve Me as priestsH3547
√ kâhan — to officiate as a priestConjunctive wawVerbPielConjunctive perfectthird person common plural
וְכִהֲנוּ (wᵉ·ḵi·hă·nū, H3547), that they may serve as priests — the goal-clause of the whole investiture; the garments exist so that they may priest unto the LORD.
לִֽי׃
Prepositionfirst person common singular
42

Make linen undergarments to cover their bare flesh, extending from waist to thigh.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

wa·‘ă·śêh ḇāḏ miḵ·nə·sê- lə·ḵas·sō·wṯ lā·hem ‘er·wāh bə·śar yih·yū mim·mā·ṯə·na·yim wə·‘aḏ- yə·rê·ḵa·yim

Word by word11 · parsed
וַעֲשֵׂ֤הwa·‘ă·śêhMakeH6213
√ ʻâsâh — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest applicationConjunctive wawVerbQalImperativemasculine singular
וַעֲשֵׂה (wa·ʻă·śêh, H6213) — here the bare imperative make, shifting from the conjunctive-perfects of the surrounding commands; the drawers are set apart even grammatically, treated separately because, K&D notes, they are not “for glory and beauty” but for covering shame.
בָ֔דḇāḏlinenH906
√ bad — flaxen thread or yarnNounmasculine singular
בָּד (bad, H906), linen — the white, separating cloth; the same material the high priest wears into the Most Holy Place on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:4), which the verbal thread ties to this verse.
מִכְנְסֵי־miḵ·nə·sê-undergarmentsH4370
√ miknâç — (only in dual) drawers (from concealing the private parts)Nounmasculine dual construct
מִכְנְסֵי (miknâç, H4370), drawers / concealers — five verses only; reaching “from the loins even unto the thigh” (Gill), a dictate of reverence and modesty before the altar.
לְכַסּ֖וֹתlə·ḵas·sō·wṯto coverH3680
√ kâçâh — properly, to plump, iPreposition-lVerbPielInfinitive construct
לָהֶם֙lā·hemtheir
Prepositionthird person masculine plural
עֶרְוָ֑ה‘er·wāhbareH6172
√ ʻervâh — nudity, literally (especially the pudenda) or figuratively (disgrace, blemish)Nounfeminine singular
עֶרְוָה (ʻervâh, H6172), nakedness — the shame-word; Geneva ties the death-warning of v. 43 to “not hiding their nakedness.” The reverse of the open, public forehead of v. 38.
בְּשַׂ֣רbə·śarfleshH1320
√ bâsâr — flesh (from its freshness)Nounmasculine singular construct
יִהְיֽוּ׃yih·yūextendingH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine plural
מִמָּתְנַ֥יִםmim·mā·ṯə·na·yimfrom waistH4975
√ môthen — properly, the waist or small of the backPreposition-mNounmd
וְעַד־wə·‘aḏ-toH5704
√ ʻad — as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)Conjunctive wawPreposition
יְרֵכַ֖יִםyə·rê·ḵa·yimthighH3409
√ yârêk — the thigh (from its fleshy softness)Nounfd
43

Aaron and his sons must wear them whenever they enter the Tent of Meeting or approach the altar to minister in the Holy Place, so that they will not incur guilt and die. This is to be a permanent statute for Aaron and his descendants.

Berean Standard Bible · CC0

Hebrew — tap a word ↓

’a·hă·rōn wə·‘al- bā·nāw wə·hā·yū ‘al- bə·ḇō·’ām ’el- ’ō·hel mō·w·‘êḏ ’ōw ḇə·ḡiš·tām ’el- ham·miz·bê·aḥ lə·šā·rêṯ baq·qō·ḏeš wə·lō- yiś·’ū ‘ā·wōn wā·mê·ṯū ‘ō·w·lām lōw ḥuq·qaṯ ’a·ḥă·rāw ū·lə·zar·‘ōw

Word by word24 · parsed
אַהֲרֹ֨ן’a·hă·rōnAaronH175
√ ʼAhărôwn — Aharon, the brother of MosesNounpropermasculine singular
וְעַל־wə·‘al-. . .H5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsConjunctive wawPreposition
בָּנָ֜יוbā·nāwand his sonsH1121
√ bên — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etcNounmasculine plural constructthird person masculine singular
וְהָיוּ֩wə·hā·yūmust wear themH1961
√ hâyâh — to exist, iConjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person common plural
עַל־‘al-. . .H5921
√ ʻal — above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applicationsPreposition
בְּבֹאָ֣ם׀bə·ḇō·’āmwhenever they enterH935
√ bôwʼ — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)Preposition-bVerbQalInfinitive constructthird person masculine plural
אֶל־’el-. . .H413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongPreposition
אֹ֣הֶל’ō·helthe TentH168
√ ʼôhel — a tent (as clearly conspicuous from a distance)Nounmasculine singular construct
אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד (ʼōhel mōwʻêḏ, H168 + H4150), Tent of Meeting — literally the tent of appointment, the place (Pulpit) “where God and the high priest were to meet.”
מוֹעֵ֗דmō·w·‘êḏof MeetingH4150
√ môwʻêd — properly, an appointment, iNounmasculine singular
א֣וֹ’ōworH176
√ ʼôw — desire (and so probably in Proverbs 31:4)Conjunction
בְגִשְׁתָּ֤םḇə·ḡiš·tāmapproachH5066
√ nâgash — to be or come (causatively, bring) near (for any purpose)Preposition-bVerbQalInfinitive constructthird person masculine plural
נָגַשׁ (nâgash, H5066) infinitive — to draw near; the approach-verb of the cult, here to the altar of burnt offering in the court.
אֶל־’el-. . .H413
√ ʼêl — near, with or amongPreposition
הַמִּזְבֵּ֙חַ֙ham·miz·bê·aḥthe altarH4196
√ mizbêach — an altarArticleNounmasculine singular
לְשָׁרֵ֣תlə·šā·rêṯto ministerH8334
√ shârath — to attend as a menial or worshipperPreposition-lVerbPielInfinitive construct
לְשָׁרֵת (lᵉ·šā·rêṯ, H8334), to minister — the same service-verb as v. 35, framing the whole garment-unit between two acts of ministry.
בַּקֹּ֔דֶשׁbaq·qō·ḏešin the Holy [Place]H6944
√ qôdesh — a sacred place or thingPreposition-b, ArticleNounmasculine singular
וְלֹא־wə·lō-so that they will notH3808
√ lôʼ — not (the simple or absConjunctive wawAdverbNegative particle
יִשְׂא֥וּyiś·’ūincurH5375
√ nâsâʼ — to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relativeVerbQalImperfectthird person masculine plural
יִשְׂאוּ (nâsâʼ, H5375), bear / incur — the atonement-verb of v. 38 turned to its dark side; the Verifier ties this to Lev 22:16 by the shared ʻâvôn / nâsâʼ / qôdesh cluster.
עָוֺ֖ן‘ā·wōnguiltH5771
√ ʻâvôn — perversity, iNouncommon singular
וָמֵ֑תוּwā·mê·ṯūand dieH4191
√ mûwth — to die (literally or figuratively)Conjunctive wawVerbQalConjunctive perfectthird person common plural
עוֹלָ֛ם‘ō·w·lāmThis is to be a permanentH5769
√ ʻôwlâm — properly, concealed, iNounmasculine singular
עוֹלָם (ʻôwlâm, H5769), perpetuity / age — the statute forever; one of P's standing formulas (Cambridge), bound to וּלְזַרְעוֹ, and to his seed after him.
ל֖וֹlōw
Prepositionthird person masculine singular
חֻקַּ֥תḥuq·qaṯstatuteH2708
√ chuqqâh — {an enactmentNounfeminine singular construct
אַחֲרָֽיו׃ס’a·ḥă·rāwfor AaronH310
√ ʼachar — properly, the hind partPrepositionthird person masculine singular
וּלְזַרְע֥וֹū·lə·zar·‘ōwand his descendantsH2233
√ zeraʻ — seedConjunctive waw, Preposition-lNounmasculine singular constructthird person masculine singular
וּלְזַרְעוֹ (ū·lᵉ·zar·ʻōw, H2233), and to his seed — the same covenant phrase as Genesis 17:7; the priesthood is handed down the line, until (Gill) the priest “after the order of Melchizedek” fulfils it.

The verse-by-verse work is done. What follows gathers the whole unit. All three layers below are machine-generated (⚙). Weigh them; they have no authority.

Grand Commentary — the unit, read whole

synthesis · verify

AI synthesis — woven from the public-domain voices above and the original text; generated and fallible.

i. The robe of one piece — a garment that may not be torn — 31–32

The robe (מְעִיל, mᵉʻîyl) is named by what it does: K&D roots it in מעל, to cover or envelope. It is to be כְּלִיל תְּכֵלֶתwholly of blue, and the wholeness is structural as well as chromatic. Its mouth (פִּי, the “opening of the head”) gets a woven hem like the collar of a תַחְרָא — a habergeon, a word so rare it occurs (so Cambridge) “only here and in … Exodus 39:23” — so that “it shall not be torn” (לֹא יִקָּרֵעַ, qâraʻ). K&D draws the structural inference plainly: the reinforced mouth means “the robe was woven in one piece, and not made in several pieces and then sewed together.” From that single all-of-a-piece fact a long line of readers — Gill, Jamieson, the Pulpit — leap to the seamless tunic of John 19:23. That leap is theirs, a typological reading and not a claim the Hebrew makes; the text says only that the holy robe must not be rent.

ii. The hem that speaks — pomegranates and the bell that is the condition of life — 33–35

Around the skirts (שׁוּלָיו, shûwl) run woven pomegranates of blue, purple, and crimson, and between them פַּעֲמֹנֵי זָהָב — golden bells, a word (paʻămôn) found in only four verses. K&D nails its sense against the alternatives: “signifies a little bell, not a spherical ball.” The verse then makes its strangest demand: the robe must be on Aaron “that its sound may be heard … and that he die not.” The commentators divide honestly. Ellicott and the Pulpit read the bells socially — they let the people “follow in their thoughts the entire service.” K&D rejects this and every clever reading, including the notion that the bells warded off threshold-spirits, and presses the plain conditional: “Aaron was not to appear before the Lord without the sound of the bells upon his robe being heard, in order that he might not die.” What is certain is the death-warning (וְלֹא יָמוּת); Barnes grounds its severity — to minister wrongly is “a direct insult to the presence of Yahweh.” The traditions cannot even agree how many bells there were: the Pulpit catalogues “12 … 72 … 365,” none of them in the text.

iii. HOLY TO YHWH — the plate, the forehead, and the iniquity of holy things — 36–38

The diadem is a צִיץ (tsîyts) — Cambridge recovers the buried image: “properly … a shining thing (usu. a flower”). On it, cut “like the engravings of a signet” (חֹתָם), stands קֹדֶשׁ לַיהוָה, which K&D renders “holiness (i.e., all holy) to Jehovah.” Ellicott sees in it the summit of all religion: “religion culminates in “Holiness to Jehovah,” without which all else is worthless.” Its purpose is sober: worn on the forehead, it lets Aaron “bear the iniquity of the holy things” (וְנָשָׂא עֲוֺן). Barnes shows the idiom “bear iniquity” runs two ways — to suffer sin's penalty, or to take it away; K&D, following Calvin, presses the second and the paradox under it: even the holy gifts are flawed, “sanctitates ipsas esse immundas”, so that the offering becomes לְרָצוֹן, acceptable, only through the bearer. Benson moves from Aaron to Christ — “bears it for us, so as to bear it from us” — a typological application, the commentator's and not the text's.

iv. The white attire — tunic, turban, sash, and the glory of plainness — 39–40

From the symbolic outer garments the chapter turns to the white inner ones. The tunic is to be שִׁבַּצְתָּ — woven in chequer-work, a rare verb the BSB flattens to “weave”; Cambridge is candid that “what exactly is denoted by shibbçẓ is uncertain.” The מִצְנֶפֶת (turban, not the AV's misleading “mitre,” as Barnes notes) and the אַבְנֵט (sash, “the work of the embroiderer,” rôqêm) complete the set, and the same white array — caps (מִגְבָּעוֹת), tunics, sashes — is made for the ordinary priests, “for glory and for beauty” (לְכָבוֹד וּלְתִפְאָרֶת). Ellicott marvels that so plain a dress could be called glorious; K&D answers from the colour: “The glory consisted in the brilliant white colour, the symbol of holiness.” The whole list, beginning and ending on kâbôwd / tiphʼârâh, frames clothing itself as a kind of glory.

v. Clothed, anointed, hands filled — investiture as ordination — 41

The garments are not merely manufactured; Moses is to put them on (וְהִלְבַּשְׁתָּ, lâbash), and Gill reads the act as itself the office: “a solemn investiture of them with the priestly office.” Three further verbs follow: anoint (מָשַׁח, the root of mâshîyaḥ), consecrate, and the vivid idiom fill their hand (מִלֵּא … יָד). Benson and Cambridge both rescue the literal phrase the BSB hides under “ordain”: “In the Hebrew it is, Thou shalt fill their hands.” Cambridge goes further and flags a text-critical seam — the words “and shalt anoint them , are probably a later addition” — since Ex 29:7 and Lev 8:12 anoint Aaron alone. The aim is a single denominative verb, וְכִהֲנוּthat they may priest unto Me.

vi. The concealers — nakedness covered, that they not die — 42–43

Set deliberately apart from the garments of glory come the מִכְנְסֵי בָד — linen drawers whose very name (miknâç, from כָּנַס) means “concealers,” to cover בְּשַׂר עֶרְוָה, the “flesh of nakedness.” K&D explains the separation: these are not “for glory and beauty” but to cover shame, for “the consciousness of sin and guilt made itself known first of all in the feeling of nakedness.” The death-warning returns (וָמֵתוּ) — the same nâsâʼ ʻâvôn idiom as v. 38, now inverted from blessing to curse — and the chapter closes on חֻקַּת עוֹלָם, a statute forever, for him and his seed after him. Benson hears the true horizon of that “forever”: “it is to have its perpetuity in the substance of which these things were the shadow.”

Read under Sola Scriptura — this tool’s own fallible reading (⚙)

Read under Sola Scriptura, the most arresting feature of this chapter is not the gold or the gemstones but the recurring sentence “that he die not” (vv. 35, 43). The high priest's clothing is not decoration laid over an office; it is the condition of survival in the presence of God. Two thresholds frame the danger: the robe must be heard going in and coming out, and the body must be covered drawing near. And between them sits the forehead-plate, קֹדֶשׁ לַיהוָה, by which Aaron “bears the iniquity of the holy things.” The text's own logic is severe and consistent: even Israel's holiest acts carry עָוֺן — guilt — and require a bearer to make them לְרָצוֹן, acceptable. My fallible reading, to be tested against the whole canon, is this: the whole apparatus of garment and bell and plate is a single sustained confession that no one — not even the consecrated mediator — may stand before the Holy One on his own account; that holiness is something worn, conferred and inscribed, not generated; and that the standing problem the chapter both names and cannot finally solve is that the man who bears the people's iniquity is himself a man whose nakedness must be hidden lest he die. The chapter ends on a “statute forever” that Benson is surely right to call a shadow waiting for its substance — a priesthood whose own clothing testifies that it is not yet the last word.

Holiness here is not a quality the priest produces but a word he wears: ‘HOLY TO YHWH’ is engraved on a plate, not earned in a heart — the office confesses, in gold, that the mediator must himself be made acceptable.

Canonical Threads — out to the whole of Scripture

cross-refs · verify

AI-generated connections. Each carries a verification badge with a recorded basis; contested links are flagged.

The robe of bells and pomegranates — command and its fulfilment verbal / quotation — confirmed

The making of the robe's hem in 28:33–34 is matched almost word-for-word in the construction account, where the bells (פַּעֲמֹן) and pomegranates (רִמּוֹן) are actually fashioned around the skirts (שׁוּל). The Verifier records the link on the rare bell-word paʻămôn (4 vv) together with rimmôwn and shûwl (10 vv) — a tight cluster of low-frequency lexemes, not a chance overlap.

Exodus 28:33 · Exodus 28:34 · Exodus 39:25 · Exodus 39:26

basis: Verifier shared lexemes H6472 paʻămôn (4 vv — rare), H7757 shûwl (10 vv — rare), H7416 rimmôwn (25 vv), H5439 çâbîyb (282 vv); the rare paʻămôn/shûwl pair fixes this as a verbal link between command (28:33–34) and execution (39:25–26).

The habergeon-collar — a word found in only two verses verbal / quotation — confirmed

The instruction that the robe's mouth be hemmed “like the opening of a habergeon” (תַחְרָא) recurs only in its fulfilment at 39:23. The Verifier flags taḥărâʼ as occurring in just 2 verses in the entire Hebrew Bible — the rarest shared lexeme in this unit. Together with sâphâh (the hem/lip) and the link-word mᵉʻîyl, this is as close to a verbatim quotation as a command-and-execution pair can be.

Exodus 28:32 · Exodus 39:23

basis: Verifier shared lexemes H8473 taḥărâʼ (only 2 vv — extremely rare), H8193 sâphâh (164 vv), H4598 mᵉʻîyl (27 vv); the two-verse rarity of taḥărâʼ makes the verbal link near-certain.

Turban and gold plate — the diadem fastened with a violet cord verbal / quotation — confirmed

The turban (מִצְנֶפֶת) and the blue cord (פְּתִיל תְּכֵלֶת) that mounts the plate upon it (28:37) are echoed in the fulfilment at 39:31, and the turban itself reappears among the white garments at 39:28. The Verifier links these on mitsnepheth (9 vv) with pâthîyl (11 vv) and shêsh (37 vv) — three uncommon words, the turban-word used in all Scripture only of this head-wrapping and the king's.

Exodus 28:37 · Exodus 28:39 · Exodus 39:28 · Exodus 39:31

basis: Verifier shared lexemes H4701 mitsnepheth (9 vv — rare, used only of the priestly/royal turban), H6616 pâthîyl (11 vv — rare), H8336 shêsh (37 vv), H8504 tᵉkêleth (49 vv); the rare turban-and-cord pair confirms the verbal link.

The linen drawers and the Day of Atonement vestments verbal / quotation — confirmed

The “concealers” of 28:42 — linen (בָּד) drawers (מִכְנְסֵי) to cover the flesh of nakedness — reappear precisely in Leviticus 16:4, where the high priest puts on linen drawers for his entry into the Most Holy Place on the Day of Atonement. The Verifier links them on miknâç (5 vv) and bad (19 vv). The verbal overlap binds the chapter's most modest garment to the year's most solemn rite: the same covering against nakedness clothes both ordinary service and the atonement entry.

Exodus 28:42 · Leviticus 16:4

basis: Verifier shared lexemes H4370 miknâç (5 vv — rare, only of priestly drawers), H906 bad (19 vv), H1320 bâsâr (241 vv); the rare drawers-word ties Ex 28:42 to the Atonement-day linen of Lev 16:4.

Bearing the iniquity of holy things — the priest's atoning burden structural / thematic — confirmed

The forehead-plate lets Aaron “bear the iniquity (עָוֺן) of the holy things” (28:38), and the same idiom — bear iniquity (nâsâʼ ʻâvôn) of holy things (qôdesh) — governs Leviticus 22:16, where mishandling the holy gifts causes the people to “bear iniquity.” The link is thematic rather than a quotation: it is a shared legal-cultic motif of guilt attaching even to consecrated things, carried on common (high-frequency) vocabulary, not on a rare signature word.

Exodus 28:38 · Exodus 28:43 · Leviticus 22:16

basis: Verifier shared lexemes H5375 nâsâʼ (612 vv), H5771 ʻâvôn (215 vv), H6944 qôdesh (382 vv), H6942 qâdash (152 vv) — all high-frequency; the connection is the shared ‘bear-iniquity-of-holy-things’ motif, not a verbal quotation, hence structural/thematic.

‘Holy to the LORD’ — one inscription across the canon typological

Maclaren himself joins three texts: the high priest's plate “HOLY TO YHWH” (28:36), Zechariah's vision in which the same words are written even “upon the bells of the horses” (Zech 14:20), and the Apocalypse's seers with “His name … in their foreheads” (Rev 22:4). This is a figural / typological arc, drawn explicitly by Maclaren. The Old-Testament pair (Ex 28:36 → Zech 14:20) does share the lexeme qôdesh, but the move to Revelation is cross-Testament (Greek↔Hebrew) and so cannot rest on shared Strong's numbers — it is a reading of pattern, not a verbal citation.

Exodus 28:36 · Zechariah 14:20 · Revelation 22:4

basis: Ex 28:36↔Zech 14:20 share H6944 qôdesh (382 vv, common), so even the OT pair is thematic not verbal; the link to Rev 22:4 is cross-Testament (Greek↔Hebrew) and cannot use Strong's numbers. The arc is Maclaren's explicit figural reading — widely-held in the tradition, marked typological.

The seamless robe — Aaron's robe and the tunic of Christ typological

Because the robe is woven “all of one piece” and may not be torn (28:31–32), a long line of commentators — Gill, Jamieson, the Pulpit — read it forward to the soldiers' refusal to tear Christ's seamless tunic (John 19:23). This is a cross-Testament typological link: it cannot rest on shared Hebrew lexemes (John is Greek), and the connection is one of figure and pattern (a seamless holy garment), explicitly an inference of the commentators rather than a citation in the text. We tier it typological and note it is widely-held in the Christian tradition though not a claim Exodus itself advances.

Exodus 28:31 · Exodus 28:32 · John 19:23

basis: Cross-Testament (Greek↔Hebrew): no shared Strong's numbers possible. The link is the figure of a seamless/unrent holy garment, drawn explicitly by Gill, Jamieson, and the Pulpit Commentary; widely-held in the tradition, but a typological reading, not a textual quotation.

Christ in the Unittypology · verify

AI-generated reading; weigh it against the text.

The High Priest who bears iniquity and takes it away ancient/widely-held

The plate's whole purpose is that Aaron “bear the iniquity of the holy things … that they may be acceptable before the LORD” (28:38). K&D reads the idiom as “to bear iniquity (sin) and take it away … to exterminate it by taking it upon one's self,” and Benson makes the application the tradition has long made: “Christ, our High-Priest, bears this iniquity; bears it for us, so as to bear it from us.” The figure of a mediator who makes flawed worship acceptable by carrying its guilt is the structural seedbed for the New Testament's High Priest who lives always to intercede and who appears in God's presence on our behalf (Heb 7:25; 9:24). This is an ancient and widely-held reading of the passage.

Exodus 28:38 · Hebrews 7:25 · Hebrews 9:24

HOLY TO THE LORD — the holiness conferred, then realized ancient/widely-held

The forehead-plate confesses that the mediator's holiness is worn, inscribed in gold and conferred, not self-produced (28:36). Maclaren traces the inscription from Aaron's mitre to the perfected saints whose foreheads bear the Name (Rev 22:4), reading the whole arc Christologically: the priest who alone could wear “Holiness to the Lord” becomes, in Christ, the holiness shared with all His people. Poole already saw the convergence in Aaron: the plate “might also represent Christ, who is called the Holy One of God , and who is a crowned Priest, or both King and Priest.” This priest-king reading is ancient and widely-held.

Exodus 28:36 · Exodus 28:37 · Revelation 22:4

Apparatus & Provenance

The biblical text is the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain (CC0). Hebrew/Greek text, transliteration, morphology and Strong’s are transcribed from the Berean interlinear (CC0) + Strong’s lexicons (PD); the literal renderings, divergence notes, word notes and all synthesis are this tool’s own work (⚙) — fallible; verify them.

Named voices, quoted verbatim from public-domain works:

  • Albert Barnes, Notes on the Bible (1834)
  • Alexander Maclaren, Expositions of Holy Scripture (c. 1905)
  • Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, (1880s)
  • Charles Ellicott, Commentary for English Readers (1878)
  • Geneva Study Bible, Marginal Notes (1599)
  • Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory (1871)
  • John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible (1746–63)
  • Joseph Benson, Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1810s)
  • Keil & Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament (1860s)
  • Matthew Henry, Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible (1706)
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1685)
  • The Pulpit Commentary, Spence & Exell, eds. (1880s)

Scope. This unit is folder-id Exodus_28-31, but the sourced text and all voices cover Exodus 28:31–43 — the priestly-garment section (the robe of the ephod, the golden plate, the tunic/turban/sash, the ordinary priests' attire, and the linen drawers). The synthesis follows the verses actually present in input.json.

Cross-references. All Hebrew↔Hebrew thread bases are the Verifier's computed shared lexemes (cited with their Strong's number and corpus frequency). The two strongest links rest on genuinely rare words: taḥărâʼ (habergeon) occurs in only 2 verses, and paʻămôn (bell) in only 4 — these are command-and-execution pairs within Exodus (ch. 28 → ch. 39), and are tiered verbal on that rarity. Links carried only by high-frequency words (e.g. qôdesh, nâsâʼ, ʻâvôn) are tiered structural/thematic, not verbal, even where the theological connection is strong. The two cross-Testament links (the seamless robe → John 19:23; the inscription → Revelation 22:4) cannot use shared Strong's numbers at all and are tiered typological; both are explicit readings of the commentators (Gill, Jamieson, the Pulpit; Maclaren), widely-held in the tradition but not claims the Hebrew text makes.

Disputed and uncertain points, flagged honestly. (1) The number of bells is unknown — tradition gives 12, 72, or 365 (Pulpit); none is in the text. (2) The chequer-weave verb shibbçẓ (28:39) is, by Cambridge's own admission, of uncertain meaning. (3) The clause “and shalt anoint them” in 28:41 is, per Cambridge, “probably a later addition,” since Ex 29:7 and Lev 8:12 anoint Aaron alone — a text-critical judgment, not a settled fact. (4) The meaning of “that its sound may be heard … that he die not” (28:35) is genuinely contested: Ellicott and the Pulpit read it socially, K&D presses it as a bare condition and rejects the popular alternatives. (5) Ellicott's transliteration “taklărah” for the habergeon-word differs from Cambridge's “taḥărâh”; the Hebrew is תַחְרָא (H8473). All Christ-readings and the seamless-robe and ‘Holy to the LORD’ arcs are the commentators' typological applications, marked as such, and are not advanced by Exodus itself.

= human, public-domain source, quoted and named. = machine synthesis, to be verified. Flagged cross-references are left visible on purpose — the verifier working in the open. “Search the Scriptures daily, whether those things were so.” (Acts 17:11)