Leviticus23:15–22

The gleaning-law repeated — Leviticus 23:22 ↔ Leviticus 19:9 verbal / quotation — confirmed

The charity-law tucked into the feast-calendar is lifted, almost word for word, from Leviticus 19:9. Cambridge states it flatly — "probably inserted here from Leviticus 19:9… with which it is verbally identical" — and the Verifier confirms the fingerprint: the very rare leqeṭ ("gleaning," H3951) occurs in only two verses of the whole Bible, this one and 19:9, joined by the cognate verb lâqaṭ (H3950, "to glean") and the reaping-words qâtsar / qâtsîyr. A shared lexeme this scarce is the strongest kind of verbal link.

Leviticus 23:22 · Leviticus 19:9

basis: rare shared lexeme H3951 leqeṭ (only 2 vv in all Scripture) + cognate H3950 lâqaṭ (34 vv), with H7114 qâtsar (46 vv) and H7105 qâtsîyr (49 vv) — Verifier-computed for Lev 23:22 ↔ Lev 19:9; Cambridge calls the verse "verbally identical"

The omer fixes the count — Leviticus 23:15 ↔ Leviticus 23:11 structural / thematic — confirmed

The whole fifty-day reckoning is dated from a single act: the waving of the barley sheaf in v. 11. Verse 15 names it again — "from the day that ye brought the sheaf (‘ōmer) of the wave offering" — and the Verifier ties the two verses by three shared terms, including the rare ‘ōmer (H6016, 14 vv) and mochŏrâth ("the morrow," H4283), alongside shabbâth (H7676). This is not one text quoting another but a single law-section's internal back-reference: the feast of Weeks has no calendar-date of its own; it is structurally fastened to the sheaf-day of vv. 9–11. Held honestly: down-tiered from "verbal" — v. 15 recalls, rather than cites, the act of v. 11.

Leviticus 23:15 · Leviticus 23:11 · Leviticus 23:12

basis: shared lexemes H6016 ʻômer (rare, 14 vv) + H4283 mochŏrâth (32 vv) + H7676 shabbâth (89 vv) — Verifier-computed for Lev 23:15 ↔ Lev 23:11. The Verifier auto-flags this 'verbal' on lexeme overlap, but the two verses sit in one continuous law-section (vv. 9–22): v. 15 makes an internal back-reference to the sheaf-rite of v. 11, not a quotation of a distinct text — so the honest basis is the structural fastening of the count to the sheaf-day, and the tier is down-graded to structural

"Seven weeks shalt thou number" — Leviticus 23:15 ↔ Deuteronomy 16:9 structural / thematic — confirmed

Deuteronomy's parallel command makes explicit what Leviticus implies: it replaces Leviticus' ambiguous shabbāthôth with the plain word for "weeks" (shâbu'ôth) — "seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee." Ellicott, Barnes, and Keil all cite this substitution as the decisive proof that the seven units here are weeks, not Sabbath-days. The Verifier finds the shared verb çâphar ("to count," H5608) and shebaʻ ("seven"); these are common words, so the link is the shared command-structure of the count, not a quotation.

Leviticus 23:15 · Deuteronomy 16:9 · Deuteronomy 16:10

basis: shared lexemes H5608 çâphar (152 vv) + H7651 shebaʻ (343 vv) — Verifier-computed for Lev 23:15 ↔ Deut 16:9; both common words, so the basis is the shared seven-fold counting command (the commentators' own cross-reference: Deut substitutes "weeks" for "sabbaths"), not a verbal quotation

"The day of the firstfruits" — Leviticus 23:16 ↔ Numbers 28:26 structural / thematic — confirmed

Numbers 28:26 gives the feast its other name and the same offering: "in the day of the firstfruits, when ye bring a new meal-offering unto the LORD." Keil and the others read the two texts together. The Verifier links them by châdâsh ("new," H2319), minḥāh ("meal-offering," H4503), and qârab ("bring near," H7126). These are recurring cultic words rather than a rare quotation, so the basis is the shared festal prescription — the same "new meal-offering" on the same day.

Leviticus 23:16 · Numbers 28:26

basis: shared lexemes H2319 châdâsh (48 vv) + H4503 minchâh (194 vv) + H7126 qârab (260 vv) — Verifier-computed for Lev 23:16 ↔ Num 28:26; common cultic terms, so the basis is the shared 'new meal-offering on the day of firstfruits' prescription, not a quotation

The leavened firstfruit-loaves and "the feast of harvest" — Leviticus 23:17 ↔ Exodus 23:16; 34:22 structural / thematic — confirmed

The two festal pillars in the older covenant code name this same feast: "the feast of harvest, the firstfruits of thy labours" (Exodus 23:16) and "the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits of wheat harvest" (Exodus 34:22). Keil reads Leviticus 23 as the priestly elaboration of exactly this Exodus law. The Verifier's link is the rare word bikkûr ("firstfruits," H1061, only 15 vv), but the three passages are in different law-codes describing one feast — a structural/thematic identity rather than one text quoting another.

Leviticus 23:17 · Exodus 23:16 · Exodus 34:22

basis: shared rare lexeme H1061 bikkûwr (15 vv) + harvest words (H7704 sâdeh / H7105 qâtsîyr) — Verifier-computed for Lev 23:17 ↔ Exod 23:16 and ↔ Exod 34:22; same feast across the codes, so the basis is the shared 'firstfruits / feast of harvest' institution, not a quotation

The waving of a living offering — Leviticus 23:20 ↔ Leviticus 7:30 structural / thematic — confirmed

The rite of "waving" (tᵉnûphâh / nûp) is defined back in the peace-offering law: "his own hands shall bring the offerings of the LORD made by fire… that the breast may be waved" (Leviticus 7:30). Barnes appeals to this very verse to explain how a live creature was "waved"; Ellicott reconstructs the priest laying "the breast and shoulder" of the lambs "by the side of the two loaves" and waving them all "forwards and backwards, up and down." The Verifier ties the two by the wave-rite's technical vocabulary: tᵉnûphâh (H8573, the wave-offering, 28 vv) with its cognate verb nûp (H5130, 35 vv) and the common pânîym ("before [the LORD]," 1892 vv). Held honestly: this is shared cultic terminology, not a rare quotation — the Pentecost rite applies the established gesture defined in the fellowship-offering law, so the tier is down-graded from "verbal" to structural.

Leviticus 23:20 · Leviticus 7:30

basis: shared lexeme cluster H8573 tᵉnûwphâh (28 vv) + cognate verb H5130 nûwph (35 vv) + H6440 pânîym (1892 vv, common) — Verifier-computed for Lev 23:20 ↔ Lev 7:30. The Verifier auto-flags this 'verbal,' but tᵉnûphâh/nûp are the standard technical terms for the wave-rite (28/35 vv, not rare-enough to be a quotation marker) and Lev 23:20 is not citing 7:30 — it re-uses the defined gesture. Honest tier: structural — shared ritual vocabulary, not a verbal quotation

Firstfruits to Pentecost — the feast and the outpouring (Acts 2) typological

Jewish and Christian readers alike have heard this feast reach forward to Acts 2, where the Spirit falls "when the day of Pentecost was fully come" — the fiftieth day named in vv. 15–16. Gill draws the line in his own words: "on this same day… the everlasting Gospel went out of Jerusalem, published by the apostles of Christ to the people of all nations, Acts 2:14"; Benson calls Acts 2 "the perfection of this feast." Held honestly: this is a Greek-text → Hebrew-text connection (Luke's Greek Pentēkostē takes its meaning from the Hebrew count), so it cannot rest on a shared Strong's number and is not a verbal quotation; it is the typological/structural fulfillment of the day itself — confirmed in Christian tradition but tiered here as structural-thematic, not lexical.

Leviticus 23:15 · Leviticus 23:16 · Leviticus 23:21 · Acts 2:1

basis: cross-Testament (Greek NT ↔ Hebrew OT): no shared Strong's number is possible. The basis is the calendar identity — Acts 2:1's Πεντηκοστή ("Fiftieth") IS the fiftieth day counted in Lev 23:16, named in Greek; the link is the realized day, not a verbal citation. Attested widely-held (Gill, Benson cite Acts 2 by name); marked typological because the loaf-feast prefigures the Spirit's harvest of "three thousand" firstfruit souls

Christ the firstfruits ancient/widely-held

The feast's defining word, bikkûrîm ("firstfruits," v. 17), becomes one of the New Testament's names for the risen Christ and His people. Barnes draws the line in this unit's own commentary: "As these loaves offered before Yahweh sanctified the harvest of the year, so has 'Christ the firstfruits' sanctified the Church." Paul's "Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's" (1 Corinthians 15:20, 23) makes the wave-loaves a figure of resurrection: the first sheaf consecrates the whole field, the first-raised guarantees the rest. This reading is ancient and widely held, though the cross-Testament tie is thematic, not a shared Hebrew/Greek lexeme.

Leviticus 23:17 · 1 Corinthians 15:20 · 1 Corinthians 15:23 · James 1:18

The Passover and the Pentecost of the new covenant ancient/widely-held

Matthew Henry states the typology the whole unit invites: the feast "looked forward to the outpouring of the Holy Ghost, fifty days after Christ our Passover was sacrificed for us. On that day the apostles presented the first-fruits of the Christian church to God." As the barley sheaf was waved the morrow after the Passover Sabbath and the loaves fifty days later, so Christ rose as firstfruits at Passover and the Spirit was poured out at Pentecost — and the three thousand of Acts 2 are, in Benson's phrase, "the first-fruits of the Christian Church." The pattern is figural and beloved in the tradition; the link runs through the shared calendar, not a shared word.

Leviticus 23:15 · Leviticus 23:21 · Acts 2:1 · 1 Corinthians 5:7

The sin-offering goat — a soul made an offering for sin ancient/widely-held

Amid the harvest-joy the law sets one goat "for a sin offering" (v. 19). Gill reads it as a type: "for the sin of the whole congregation, typical of Christ, whose soul was made an offering for sin; in virtue of which all other sacrifices become acceptable to God." Poole presses the same point — no sacrifice ever had worth "for any worth in them, but only in respect of Christ… all expiated by one and the same price, even by the blood of Christ." The thanksgiving feast cannot proceed without atonement first; the firstfruits are accepted only over a sin-offering, as the Church's praise is accepted only in the Lamb.

Leviticus 23:19 · Leviticus 23:20 · 2 Corinthians 5:21 · Hebrews 10:12