Leviticus27:30–34

The substituted beast — both become holy verbal / quotation — confirmed

The animal-tithe ban on exchange (v. 33) restates the vow-law of Leviticus 27:10 almost word for word: no swap good-for-bad, and if one swaps, “both it and the change thereof shall be holy.” The link is lexical, not merely thematic — they share the rare noun təmûrāh (“substitute,” only 6 verses in the OT) and its verb mûr (10 verses), plus qōḏeš and the good/bad pair ṭōwḇ/raʻ. The Verifier rates the rarity of təmûrāh high enough to call this a confirmed verbal echo.

Leviticus 27:10 · Leviticus 27:33

basis: shared rare lexeme H8545 tᵉmûwrâh (only 6 vv) and H4171 mûwr (10 vv), with H6944 qôdesh and the ṭôwḇ/raʻ pair (H2896/H7451) — Verifier-confirmed verbal link (Hebrew↔Hebrew)

I will cause you to pass under the rod structural / thematic — confirmed

Ellicott, Benson, Poole, Cambridge and Keil & Delitzsch all read “passeth under the rod” (v. 32) against Ezekiel 20:37, where the LORD says, “I will cause you to pass under the rod, and I will bring you into the bond of the covenant.” The image of the tithe-count becomes an image of God claiming His people. The Verifier finds the shared vocabulary — šēḇeṭ (rod), tachaṯ (under), ʻāḇar (pass over) — but these are common words, so the connection is rated structural/thematic, an echo of motif rather than a quotation.

Leviticus 27:32 · Ezekiel 20:37

basis: shared lexemes H7626 shêbeṭ (178 vv), H8478 tachath (450 vv), H5674 ʻâbar (492 vv) — all common, so the shared imagery is a thematic motif, not a verbal quotation; named by Ellicott, Benson, Poole, Cambridge, K&D

Hezekiah’s heaps — the only other animal tithe structural / thematic — confirmed

Cambridge flags that the livestock tithe of v. 32 appears nowhere else in the Old Testament except 2 Chronicles 31:6, where Hezekiah’s reform brings in “the tithe of oxen and sheep, and the tithe of holy things which were consecrated unto the LORD.” That single later instance is the historical realization of this command, and the verbal contact is unusually full: the Verifier finds 2 Chronicles 31:6 reproduces nearly the whole construct chain of Leviticus 27:32 — maʻăśar (tithe), bāqār (herd), tsō’n (flock) and qōḏeš (holy). Yet every one of these is a common cult-and-agriculture term, so even four shared lexemes do not amount to a quotation; the Chronicler is describing the law being kept, not citing it. We therefore tier this structural/thematic — but as a strong, multi-word echo, not a thin one.

Leviticus 27:32 · 2 Chronicles 31:6

basis: shared lexemes H4643 maʻăsêr (27 vv), H1241 bâqâr (172 vv), H6629 tsôʼn (247 vv) and H6944 qôdesh (382 vv) — the whole herd-and-flock-tithe construct of Lev 27:32 recurs, but all are common terms, so this is the historical realization of the law (per Cambridge), structural rather than a quotation

The tithe assigned to Levi structural / thematic — confirmed

Why this tithe is the LORD’s, and what becomes of it, is supplied by Numbers 18:21 — “I have given the children of Levi all the tenth in Israel for an inheritance.” The Pulpit Commentary, Keil & Delitzsch and Gill all route Leviticus 27:30–32 forward to this Levitical appropriation. The shared word is maʻăśar (tithe), of moderate frequency; the link is the law and its administration, so it is structural, not a quotation.

Leviticus 27:30 · Numbers 18:21 · Deuteronomy 14:23

basis: shared lexeme H4643 maʻăsêr (27 vv) across the tithe-legislation cluster (Num 18; Deut 14) — the administrative complement to Lev 27, structural/thematic, not verbal quotation

The shepherd who passes His own flock under the rod structural / thematic — confirmed

The counting-rod of v. 32 sits inside the Old Testament’s wider pastoral vocabulary. Ezekiel 34 turns the same shepherd-and-flock imagery against Israel’s false shepherds and toward the LORD as the true Shepherd: “I, even I, will both search my sheep (tsō’n), and seek them out… I will feed them upon the mountains of Israel.” The shared word is tsō’n (“flock,” 247 vv) — a common term, so this is an imagery-level kinship, not a quotation: the rod that counts the tithe-animal in Leviticus and the rod/staff that gathers the flock in Ezekiel 34 (and Psalm 23:4; Micah 7:14) belong to one pastoral world. The Verifier rates it structural/thematic. This is the textual footing for the Good-Shepherd typology developed in the Christ section — held there as figure, not as the plain sense of this law.

Leviticus 27:32 · Ezekiel 34:11 · Psalm 23:4

basis: shared lexeme H6629 tsôʼn (247 vv) with Ezekiel 34:11 — a common pastoral term, so shared shepherd-and-flock imagery (rod, counting, gathering), not a verbal quotation; the OT footing for the Good-Shepherd figure

Older than Sinai — Abraham and Jacob flagged — verify source

Keil & Delitzsch, the Pulpit Commentary and JFB all insist the tithe is “introduced as something well known” — Abraham gave a tenth to Melchizedek (Genesis 14:20) and Jacob vowed the tenth at Bethel (Genesis 28:22), so “the practice of the payment of tithes was not of Mosaic institution, but immemorial.” The Verifier confirms a shared maʻăśar with Genesis 14:20 (a real verbal point of contact), but Genesis 28:22 uses different vocabulary for “tenth” and shares no indexed lexeme — so the much-cited Jacob link is flagged: it rests on the commentators’ argument, not on the words.

Genesis 14:20 · Genesis 28:22 · Leviticus 27:30

basis: Genesis 14:20 shares H4643 maʻăsêr (structural); Genesis 28:22 shares NO indexed original-language lexeme with Lev 27:30 — the patriarchal-precedent claim is the commentators’ (K&D, Pulpit, JFB), asserted thematically, so flagged for verification

The greater tithe and the priest who does not die ancient/widely-held

⚙ The New Testament’s one sustained meditation on the tithe (Hebrews 7:1–10) reaches back past this law to Abraham’s tenth to Melchizedek — arguing that Levi, who would one day receive tithes under Leviticus 27:30–32 and Numbers 18:21, himself paid them in Abraham, and so confessed a greater priesthood. The point of the figure is supersession: the Levitical tithe-order serves “a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek,” a priest “who does not die.” This is an ancient, widely-held typology, but note the honest limit: Hebrews is Greek and Leviticus is Hebrew, so there is and can be no shared Strong’s lexeme — the connection is figural and argued by the epistle itself, never a verbal quotation of this verse.

Leviticus 27:30 · Genesis 14:20 · Hebrews 7:1-10

The unblemished tenth that passes under the rod widely-held

⚙ The fathers and the Puritan voices read the tithe-animal — the tenth that passes under the rod, taken without choosing good from bad, that cannot be redeemed (v. 33) — as a faint figure of the One who is Himself the irredeemable offering: the Lamb chosen and set apart, who passes under the rod of judgment in His people’s place. The shepherd-rod vocabulary of v. 32 (Psalm 23:4; Ezekiel 34; Zechariah 11:7) draws the Good Shepherd into view. Matthew Henry, closing Leviticus, makes the move explicit: the whole code is “cleared by the knowledge of Christ and him crucified.” This is a typological reading — devotional and cross-Testament, resting on motif (the set-apart tenth, the rod, the impossibility of buy-back) rather than on any shared word; it should be held as edifying figure, not as the verse’s plain sense.

Leviticus 27:32 · Leviticus 27:33 · Psalm 23:4 · John 10:11

From the smoke of sacrifice to the worship in spirit ancient/widely-held

⚙ The colophon (v. 34) seals “all the commandments… at Mount Sinai,” and the commentators turn at once to the gospel: JFB calls the whole ceremonial system “a schoolmaster to Christ” (Galatians 3:24); Matthew Henry and Benson read Leviticus closing toward worship “in spirit and in truth, by Christ only.” The fulfillment claim is the New Testament’s own (Romans 10:4; Hebrews 4:2; 12:18, all cited by JFB) — the Sinai law is not abolished into nothing but completed in the Mediator. This is the widely-held reading of Leviticus’ end, argued from the NT and named by the public-domain voices, not invented here.

Leviticus 27:34 · Galatians 3:24 · Romans 10:4 · Hebrews 12:18